731 

Ig9l 


UC-NRLF 


B    3    111    Mbb 


00 

o 
>- 


y 


iiiiiiuuEiiiiiiiNiiiiiiHiiiiiii uniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiHiiiiiiiiii iiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii annual aiaiiaaiiaiaaaamiiaiuiag 


LAWS  OF  ATHLETICS 


AND  S 

x 


GENERAL  RULES. 


(REVISED  EDITION.) 


COMPILED  FOR  THE  USE  OF  THE  U.  S.  ARMY. 


!  .T 


By  C.  A:  Lv..Totten,  First  Lieut.,  Fourth  Artillery, 

Professor  of  Military  Science  and  Tactics,  Yale  University. 


iiiiiiiiiiiHiiiiiiiiiimiiiiiiiiiii 


WASHINGTON : 
1891. 


iiiiMiHimiiiiMitimiHiiiuiimcuiuiiiuimiiiiiii inuuiuuuuauuuiuiuuuiuuuuuuuuuiuauuiuui* 


LAWS  OF  ATHLETICS 


AND 


GENEKAL  RULES. 


(REVISED  EDITION.) 


COMPILED  FOR  THE  USE  OF  THE  U.  S.  ARMY. 


By  C.  A.  L.  Totten,  First  Lieut.,  Fourth  Artillery, 

Professor  of  Military  Science  and  Tactics,  Yale  University. 


WASHINGTON : 
1891. 


/8JI 


C'OPYKIGHT,  1881, 
By  C.  A.  L.  TOTTEX. 


Revise.    Copyrighted,  1891, 
By  C.  A.  L.  TOTTEN. 


This  copyright  is  unreservedly  made  over 
to  the  United  States  Government. 

C.  A.  L.  TOTTEX, 

U.  S.  Army. 


,V^ 


9  •      •  *  *  • 


PREFACE  TO  FIRST  EDITION. 


The  following  compilation  has  been  made  for  the  use  of  troops  in  the 
Military  Division  of  the  Pacific,  by  ist  Lieutenant  C.  A.  L.  Totten,  4th  Ar- 
illery,  kindly  assisted  by  Colonel  Horace  Fletcher,  ordnance  officer,  ist 
Division  C.  N.  G. ,  and  president  of  the  Olympic  Athletic  Club  of  San 
Francisco,  California.  It  has  been  chiefly  drawn  from  the  standard  author- 
ties  mentioned  below  : 

"General  Rules  and  Laws  of  Athletics  of  the  Olympic  Athletic  Club  of  San 
Francisco,  California;"  Hand-book  of  Gymnastics  and  Athletics, "  Raven- 
stine  and  Hulley  ;  "  Laws  of  Athletics,"  by  William  Wood  ;  "Walker's 
Manly  Exercises,"  by  Craven  ;  "A  Military  System  of  Exercises,"  by 
Archibald  Maclaren. 


PREFACE  TO  REVISED  EDITION. 


This  little  work  is  revised,  by  request,  for  free  distribution  in  the  Regular 
Army  of  the  United  States.  It  is  trusted  that  those  interested  in  the  present 
revival  of  athletics  in  the  service  will  recognize  it  as  at  least  a  valuable  vade- 
mecum  in  premises. 

In  the  present  revision  the  author  is  particularly  indebted  to  Mr.  Walter 
C.  Camp  (Yale)  for  valuable  help.  He  also  desires  to  thank  Messrs.  A. 
G.  Spalding  &  Bros,  for  their  courteous  permission  to  incorporate  in  this 
manual  the  "  Foot-Ball  Rules,"  of  which  they  hold  the  copyright. 

C.  A.  L.  TOTTEN, 

U.  S.  Army. 
Military  Department  S.  S.  S.  of  Yale, 

New  Haven,  Conn.,  April 20,  1891. 


M225007 


Copyright,  1881, 
By  C.  A.  L.  TOTTEX. 


Revise.    Copyrighted,  1891, 
BY  C.  A.  L.  TOTTEX. 


This  copyright  is  unreservedly  made  over 
to  the  United  States  Government. 

C.  A.  L.  TOTTEX, 

U.  S.  Army. 


/SJI 


•   *  <9  1    c 


PREFACE  TO  FIRST  EDITION. 


The  following  compilation  has  been  made  for  the  use  of  troops  in  the 
Military  Division  of  the  Pacific,  by  ist  Lieutenant  C.  A.  L.  Totten,  4th  Ar- 
tillery, kindly  assisted  by  Colonel  Horace  Fletcher,  ordnance  officer,  ist 
Division  C.  N.  G. ,  and  president  of  the  Olympic  Athletic  Club  of  San 
Francisco,  California.  It  has  been  chiefly  drawn  from  the  standard  author- 
ities mentioned  below  : 

'  'General  Rules  and  Laws  of  Athletics  of  the  Olympic  Athletic  Club  of  San 
Francisco,  California;"  Hand-book  of  Gymnastics  and  Athletics, "  Raven- 
stine  and  Hulley  ;  "  Laws  of  Athletics,"  by  William  Wood  ;  "Walker's 
Manly  Exercises,"  by  Craven  ;  "A  Military  System  of  Exercises,"  by 
Archibald  Maclaren. 


PREFACE  TO  REVISED  EDITION. 


This  little  work  is  revised,  by  request,  for  free  distribution  in  the  Regular 
Army  of  the  United  States.  It  is  trusted  that  those  interested  in  the  present 
revival  of  athletics  in  the  service  will  recognize  it  as  at  least  a  valuable  vade- 
mecum  in  premises. 

In  the  present  revision  the  author  is  particularly  indebted  to  Mr.  Walter 
C.  Camp  (Yale)  for  valuable  help.  He  also  desires  to  thank  Messrs.  A. 
G.  Spalding  &  Bros,  for  their  courteous  permission  to  incorporate  in  this 
manual  the  "  Foot-Ball  Rules,"  of  which  they  hold  the  copyright. 

C.  A.  L.  TOTTEN, 

U.  S.  Army. 
Military  Department  S.  S.  S.  of  Yale, 

New  Haven,  Conn.,  April 20,  1891. 


M225007 


4  • 

.  «        «  «        •      1  • 

.        «•        •       •  •  • 

»  •       •  •  •    • 

•  •        1  »  • 


.  »  •       ♦•*-•  •   *„       *  •        •  • 


INTRODUCTORY    REMARKS. 


Athletic  contests  had  their  origin  among  those  ancient  nations  whose  prin- 
cipal incentive  was  war.  The  habitual  and  almost  exclusive  use  of  ' '  hand- 
weapons"  in  the  close  combat  of  ancient  days  rendered  strength,  skill,  and 
endurance  so  necessary  to  the  individual  soldier  as  to  excite  an  universal 
interest  in  all  athletic  efforts.  The  celebrated  Grecian  games  were  the 
outcome  of  this  interest ;  their  periodic  recurrence  drew  together  the  finest 
types  of  human  development,  and  not  only  attracted  their  audiences  from 
all  other  countries,  but  gave  to  Greece  soldiers  whose  pre-eminence  in  arms 
secured  that  incredibly  swift  conquest  of  the  world  to  Alexander  the  Great. 

Modern  warfare  employs  a  far  different  class  of  arms  than  those  used 
upon  ancient  battle-fields.  Invention  and  discovery  have  put  into  the  hands 
of  the  soldier  of  to-day  weapons  that  hurl  bolts  as  deadly  and  unerring  as 
were  those  of  fabled  Jupiter.  They  store  for  him  an  energy  the  exercise 
and  expenditure  of  which  in  some  respects  limit  the  demand  upon  his  per- 
sonal supply. 

The  great  strength  required  in  close  personal  combat  can  in  a  large  meas- 
ure be  dispensed  with  by  skillfully  educating  the  faculties  which  particularly 
govern  "long  range  fire."  Nevertheless,  activity,  endurance,  and,  indeed, 
perfect  bodily  culture,  too  much  neglected  in  our  system  of  military  training, 
are  important  requisites  in  a  modern  army.  As  elements,  their  possession 
must  ever  go  far  toward  insuring  success  to  that  contestant  having  their  ad- 
vantage over  an  adversary  without  it. 

Considering  the  results  depending  upon  the  Army,  the  demands  it  is  ex- 
pected to  meet,  and  the  care  bestowed  upon  it,  there  is  no  community  in 
which  the  cultivation  of  athletics  is  more  necessary  or  can  be  better  pro- 
moted. It  is  a  small  body  of  well-provided,  healthy  men,  living  much  in 
the  open  air,  and,  when  active  operations  commence,  is  always  called  upon 
to  do,  and  is  expected  to  do  well,  an  immense  amount  of  work.  Yet  the 
supply  of  surplus  strength  that  the  ordinary  military  pursuits  are  able  to 
store  up  is  seldom  such  as  to  meet  at  once  and  fully  the  sudden  and  long- 
continued  demands  so  often  put  upon  it.  This,  however,  is  only  the  fault 
of  the  present  military  system,  and  is  open  to  an  immediate  correction  by 
the  Army  itself.  Let  the  skill  with  which  the  modern  soldier  has  learned 
to  use  his  rifle  be  supplemented  by  a  proper  cultivation  of  bodily  strength 
and  endurance.  These  requisites  to,  military  achievements  will  be  as  in- 
evitably demanded  of  him  upon  the  modern  field  of  battie  as  they  ever  were 


6 

of  his  ancient  predec6ssor:  in  arms  in  the  personal  encounter.  In  their  pos- 
session he  -will; accomplish  results  otherwise  impossible,  and  have,  moreover, 
an  invaiuabfe  reserve  wherewith  to  meet  whatever  drain  may  come  upon  his 
powers. 

It  is  therefore  proposed  to  invite  attention,  as  the  War  Department  has 
so  often  done  before  in  a  general  way,  to  practical  methods  for  the  hardier 
physical  development  of  our  troops.  Interest  in  athletic  games  throughout 
the  United  States  is  greater  than  ever  before,  and  it  can  not  be  doubted  but 
that  military  competitors  for  athletic  honors  can  secure  brilliant  reputa- 
tions, which  will  redound  to  the  credit  of  the  Army  and  the  Country.  An 
interest  to  the  individual  soldier  and  advantage  to  the  service  as  great  and 
wide-spread  as  that  in  target  practice  may  soon  be  expected  to  grow  out 
of  such  contests.  The  field  of  competition  is  infinitely  broader  and  the 
opportunities  of  excelling  all  the  greater  ;  hence  results  as  honorable  to  the 
soldier  and  as  beneficial  to  the  Army  as  those  it  has  so  quickly  won  at 
Creedmoor  may  also  be  expected. 

Since  fine  perceptive  faculties  and  strong  nerves  always  accompany  ac- 
tivity and  endurance,  it  necessarily  follows  that  skill  in  rifle  practice  will  be 
promoted  by  physical  training. 

It  is  suggested  that  each  company  should  have  its  record  of  vital  statistics  ; 
in  it  the  initiatory  effort  of  every  man  who  enters  any  of  the  games  and 
trials  of  strength  that  compose  the  list  of  amateur  athletics  should  be  re- 
corded. Drills,  out-of-door  exercise,  and  games  can  then  be  so  appointed 
as  to  become  a  pleasure  and  a  continuous  course  of  physical  training. 
Under  such  a  system  each  month  would  bring  progressive  improvements. 
One  day  each  year  might  then  be  set  aside  with  advantage  for  an  athletic 
tournament,  to  be  assisted  in  and  supervised  by  commissioned  officers. 
The  records  of  the  successful  competitors  should  be  carefully  noted  and 
published.  For  the  best  exhibition  of  activity  and  strength  let  the  prize  be 
a  certificate  of  the  fact,  with  the  details  of  the  particular  feat  excelled  in. 
This,  and  the  official  publication  and  honorable  mention  of  successful  com- 
petitors by  department  and  division  headquarters  and  in  the  Army  papers, 
ought  to  be  an  unfailing  incentive  to  take  part  in  exercises  the  benefit 
of  which  can  not  but  soon  become  self-evident  and  satisfying.  The  post  car- 
penter and  blacksmith  can  make  in  a  day  all  of  the  simple  apparatus  needed 
at  such  a  tournament.  The  arrangements  for  a  meeting  can  be  as  readily 
effected,  and  if  the  interest  of  but  a  single  commissioned  officer  can  be  en- 
listed at  each  post,  the  success  and  perpetuity  of  the  undertaking  will  be 
insured. 

It  is  only  by  progressive  training,  culminating  in  contests,  that  men  can 
know  themselves,  and  thus  find  out  what  they  can  do  ordinarily  and  what 
in  an  emergency ;  what  expenditure  of  energy  may  be  called  for  ;  what 
military  achievements  they  may  undertake  without  failing  ;  and,  finally, 
what  amount  of  training  is  required  to  fit  them  for  their  best  efforts. 


EXTRACTS  FROM  HAND-BOOK  OF  ATHLETICS. 

Hygiene. 

The  healthful  influence  of  athletics,  carried  on  with  prudence  and  dis- 
cretion, is  generally  acknowledged. 

Exercises  act  beneficially  by  increasing  the  circulation  of  the  blood  ;  but 
when  the  beatings  of  the  heart  become  excessively  rapid  and  irregular,  care 
should  be  taken  to  avoid  those  exercises  which  produce  these  symptoms. 
In  a  healthy  man  the  heart  is  felt  to  beat  two  fingers  breadth  below  the  nip- 
ple of  the  left  breast.  Persons  suffering  from  organic  disease  of  the  heart, 
and  those  of  apoplectic  habits,  with  short  necks  and  an  inclination  to  cor- 
pulency, should  be  specially  careful,  and  take  medical  advice  before  exercis- 
ing violently  or  entering  into  any  contest  of  endurance. 

The  breath  should  be  properly  regulated  whilst  undergoing  exertion. 
Breathe  slowly  ;  thus  the  muscles  of  the  belly  become  tense  and  fortify  the 
ribs  and  pelvis.  Failures  in  exercises  are  frequent  in  consequence  of  not 
keeping  the  muscles  of  chest  and  belly  sufficiently  tense,  and  accidents, 
such  as  rupture,  are  produced  by  exhaling  at  an  improper  time.  By  pro- 
ceeding gradually  from  easy  to  difficult  exercises,  this  danger  is  avoided, 
•  and  the  athlete  learns  to  breathe  correctly  by  habit.  Exercises  should 
never  be  carried  far  enough  to  produce  panting  or  a  pain  in  the  side. 

The  benefits  of  exercise  upon  the  lungs  are  greatly  increased  by  carry- 
ing them  on  in  the  open  air. 

The  amount  of  exercise  beneficial  to  each  particular  individual  varies. 
Excessive  exercise  causes  a  feeling  of  pain  in  the  muscles,  a  feverish  excite- 
ment of  the  nerves,  and  generally  disturbs  the  health.  *  *  *  But  not 
only  excessive  exercise,  but  one-sided  exercise  is  injurious.  For  instance, 
if  one  group  or  set  of  muscles  is  exercised  to  the  exclusion  of  the  others,  they 
will  only  grow  to  a  certain  point,  and  then  waste  away.  Make  it  a  rule  to 
bring  as  many  muscles  as  possible  into  play,  and  to  develop  them  harmo- 

niously.  ,  . 

The  amount  of  clothing  necessary  varies  according  to  temperature  and  in- 
dividual constitution.  Less  clothing  is  required  when  exercising  ;  but  as 
soon  as  the  exertion  is  over  the  heat  of  the  body  rapidly  declines,  and  ad- 
ditional clothing  should  be  put  on.  The  practice  of  pulling  off  the  shirt 
after  the  exercises  are  over  and  washing  the  body  down  to  the  waist  with 
cold  water  should  not  be  encouraged,  as  it  is  liable  to  induce  chills.    When 


8 

returning  from  a  walk,  and  if  very  warm,  put  on  additional  clothing  until 
the  normal  heat  of  the  body  is  restored,  to  prevent  taking  cold.  It  is  very 
important  that  clothing  worn  next  the  body  should  be  washed  and  changed 
frequently. 

Tight  belts  are  positively  injurious,  for  they  press  upon  intestines,  stomach, 
and  liver,  and  do  more  injury  to  the  organs  of  digestion  than  can  be  made 
good  by  exercise.  But  a  belt  with  elastic  side-springs,  which  expands  easily 
to  the  extent  of  six  and  more  inches,  may  be  worn  with  safety. 

Food  and  drink  should  never  be  taken  immediately  after  exercise,  nor 
should  exercise  be  taken  for  some  time  after  each  meal. 

Of  all  drinks  pure  water  is  the  most  wholesome.  Take  it  frequently  when 
necessary,  but  in  small  quantities,  and  not  too  cold.  Water  is  not  liable  to 
injure  if  exercise  is  continued  afterwards.  When  taken  freely  while  in  a 
copious  state  of  perspiration,  the  exercise  should  not  be  suddenly  stopped. 
At  such  times  it  should  be  used  with  caution,  and  only  in  small  quantity. 

Cleanliness. 

Every  man  while  training  should  sponge  the  body  daily  from  head  to 
foot.  With  a  weak  constitution,  tepid  water  and  the  use  of  a  flesh-brush  or 
rough  towel,  so  as  to  produce  reaction  on  the  skin,  is  the  safest. 

Training. 

For  men  in  the  ordinary  vocations  of  life  the  severe  system  generally  pur- 
sued is  not  only  irksome  but  often  injures  the  health  instead  of  improving 
it.  A  man  should  always  be  in  fair  training.  Let  him  lead  a  life  of  tem- 
perance ;  let  him  carry  on  bodily  exercises  regularly,  but  without  excess  ; 
and  he  will  be  prepared  at  all  times  to  enter  himself  for  competitions.  The 
diet  should  be  plain,  mixed  vegetable  and  animal  (with  a  certain  amount 
of  fat).  Drink  tea  in  moderation,  water  in  plenty,  but  avoid  spirits.  Cleanli- 
ness must  be  carefully  attended  to.  Exercise  should  be  taken  regularly, 
and  those  things  should  be  practiced  most  frequently  in  which  the  athlete 
desires  to  compete,  though  not  to  the  exclusion  of  other  exercises. 

A  rule  for  daily  routine. 

Get  up  at  7  ;  take  a  sponge-bath  and  rub  well  with  a  coarse  towel.  Then 
take  the  clubs  or  dumb-bells,  or  some  other  apparatus  at  hand,  and  work  away 
for  some  minutes,  introducing  occasionally  some  exercise  for  the  legs.  Do 
not  carry  these  exercises  far  enough  to  perspire,  but  should  perspiration 
come  on,  rub  down  with  a  dry  towel  before  dressing  completely. 

After  a  few  minutes'  interval  devoted  to  reading  or  conversation,  have 
breakfast,  consisting  of  tea  or  coffee,  with  stale  bread  and  butter,  a  couple 
of  eggs,  a  chop,  chicken,  or  steak.  After  breakfast  proceed  to  your  daily 
duties. 


9 

Dine  at  i  or  2.  The  food  may  be  underdone  or  not,  according  to  taste, 
and  a  certain  amount  of  fat  is  advisable.  Meat  baked,  roasted,  or  stewed  is 
the  most  nourishing,  and  beef  or  mutton  preferable  to  other  kinds,  though 
in  all  these  things  man  requires  variety.    Bread  and  vegetables  are  essential. 

The  daily  duties  performed,  go  home,  and  at  about  6  o'clock  have  tea, 
with  some  toast  or  bread  and  butter,  a  few  radishes,  &c. 

At  about  7 130  walk  four  or  five  miles,  alternate  quarters  rapidly  till  the  last 
half  mile,  or  go  through  such  room  exercises  as  are  specially  needed  to  in- 
crease the  strength  of  certain  muscles,  or  reduce  the  weight,  resting  after 
each  exercise,  and  avoiding  too  much  fatigue.  When  done,  refresh  the 
hands  and  face  with  water,  and  cool  off  gradually  without  exposure  to  draft. 
Take  a  light  supper  at  10  o'clock. 

At  1 1 :30  prepare  for  bed.  Change,  of  course,  the  undershirt,  and  before 
lying  down  rub  with  a  dry  towel.  Have  blankets  sufficient  to  keep  warm, 
but  not  more. 

If  this  is  done  twice  a  week,  or  at  most  three  times,  it  is  all  that  is  need- 
ful. 

Pedestrians  frequently  suffer  from  sore  feet  and  blisters.  *  *  *  It  is 
a  good  plan  to  dip  the  feet  in  very  hot  water  for  one  or  two  minutes  before 
the  start,  then  wipe  them  dry  and  rub  with  soft  soap  until  there  is  a  lather. 
At  the  close  of  the  day,  should  the  feet  be  sore,  wipe  them  with  a  wet 
cloth,  and  rub  them  with  bear's  grease,  deer's  fat,  tallow,  soap,  or  spirits. 
If  blistered,  pass  a  thread  of  silk  through  each,  and  tie  the  ends  together 
to  allow  the  fluid  to  ooze  out.  When  making  a  long  halt  in  the  middle 
of  the  day,  take  off  boots  and  socks  and  wash  the  feet  in  cold  water. 

Soft  corns  between  the  toes  are  best  cured  by  using  lunar  caustic. 

When  on  the  march  or  a  pedestrian  tour  be  careful  of  the  diet  and  do 
not  eat  too  much  or  too  often.  Never  take  spirits  when  exhausted,  unless 
it  be  towards  the  close  of  the  day's  work,  but  some  warm  tea  or  coffee. 
Onions  or  garlic,  chewed,  is  a  good  remedy  against  thirst. 

Running. 

The  double-step  of  the  soldier  is  that  kind  of  running  of  the  greatest 
service,  and  ought  to  be  practiced  whenever  there  is  an  opportunity.  One 
hundred  and  eighty  short  leaps  are  made  in  a  minute,  and  allowing  three 
feet  to  each  leap,  a  mile  is  run  in  less  than  ten  minutes.  Men  not  carry- 
ing arms  and  accouterments  can  do  more  with  ease,  as  a  matter  of  course. 
In  running  the  chest  is  kept  steady;  the  breathing  should  be  slow,  the 
mouth  closed,  the  arms  are  bent,  and  assist  in  the  forward  movement  by 
swinging  forwards.     The  legs  must  be  raised  as  little  as  possible. 

Men,  to  run  long  distances,  should  increase  the  practice  gradually  from 
day  to  day.  Let  them  run  five  minutes  the  first  few  days,  then  ten,  and  so 
on,  until  they  are  able  to  run  an  hour  (six  miles)  or  more  without  losing 


10 

their  breath.     Any  man  feeling  the  least  pain  in  the  side  should  come  to  a 
walk  or  stop  altogether. 

After  the  run  most  men  will  be  perspiring,  and  must  not  be  allowed  to 
stand  still.  They  should  then  be  made  to  march  at  an  ordinary  pace  for 
some  fifteen  minutes,  and  to  wear  away  the  tediousness  of  such  a  walk  they 
should  sing  a  chorus  or  perform  tacto-gymnastical  exercises.  The  run 
should  not  take  place  round  and  round  the  same  place  but  on  different 
roads  fairly  marked  off  each  quarter  of  a  mile. 


EXTRACTS  FROM  A  MILITARY  SYSTEM  OF  EXERCISES. 

Course  for  recruits. 

The  athletic  training  of  recruits  should  commence  simultaneously  with 
the  squad  drill  without  arms ;  and  in  order  that  this  shall  not  interfere  with 
the  prescribed  musketry  course,  under  ordinary  circumstances  recruits  should 
not  be  given  the  musket  for  the  first  month  after  joining.  During  that  time 
the  training  exercises  are  to  form  a  component  portion  of  the  ordinary  re- 
cruit drill. 

Running  drill. 

During  the  first  fortnight  the  distance  run  is  not  to  exceed  from  300  to 
500  yards.  For  the  second  fortnight  the  distance  may  be  increased  to  600 
and  800,  and  for  the  third  fortnight  to  900,  at  the  end  of  which  time  the 
practice  is  to  be  carried  on  daily  at  1,000  yards,  the  men  running  on  alter- 
nate days  with  arms  and  accouterments. 

The  pace  is  not  to  exceed  six  miles  an  hour. 

Care  must  be  taken  that  men  are  not  exercised  at  the  full  distance  of  1,000 
yards  until  they  shall  have  gone  through  from  four  to  six  weeks'  preliminary 
practice  at  the  shorter  distances. 

Where  the  ground  will  admit  of  it  the  men  may  be  run  15  or  20  abreast 
in  single  rank,  otherwise  by  companies  in  "fours." 

Walking. 

A  short  course  for  walking  and  running  should  be  formed  100  yards  long 
and  if  possible  16  yards  wide.  There  should  be  a  permanent  post  at  each 
end  and  a  permanent  mark  to  ' '  toe ' '  at  starting. 

The  same  course  or  practice  ground  will  do  for  both  walking  and  running, 
and  the  same  manner  and  amount  of  instruction  for  the  one  will  in  most  in- 
stances be  found  suitable  for  the  other.  In  all  cases,  as  stated  above,  there 
should  be  a  measured  course  of  100  yards,  and,  when  practicable,  a  meas- 
ured quarter,  half,  and  whole  mile.  The  first  should  be  sufficiently  broad 
for  a  squad'  of  ten  or  fifteen  men  to  walk  or  run  abreast  at  open  order,  the 
second  should  be  the  breadth  of  an  ordinary  path.  The  initiatory  practice 
in  walking  should  be  on  the  first  of  these  and  should  be  performed  quite 
irrespective  of  time,  correct  action  and  position  being  the  sole  points  to  be 
aimed  at ;  these  acquired,  the  longer  courses  should  be  used.  The  mile  has 
been  walked  in  much  less  than  seven  minutes,  but  a  mile  in  twelve  minutes 
on  the  public  highway  is  good  walking. 

The  same  rules  will  apply  to  running  ;  a  correct  action  and  position,  quite 
irrespective  of  time,  should  first  be  obtained  on  the  first  course  ;  these  should 
then  be  practiced  at  half  speed,  and  ultimately  at  the  highest  rate  of  speed. 


12 

The  race  at  half  speed  should  be  at  the  rate  of  about  35  seconds  to  the 
100  yards.  It  would  be  difficult  to  over-estimate  the  practical  value  of  run- 
ning at  half  speed  or  the  double  step. 

The  race  at  speed  should  be  restricted  to  the  100  yards,  except  in  the 
free  practice,  which,  after  the  necessary  instruction,  it  is  desirable  to  en- 
courage. 

The  ?'ace  carrying  weights  or  implements  may  be  on  any  course,  short 
or  long,  and  with  or  without  obstacles ;  but  in  every  case  it  must  be  under- 
taken carefully  and  thoughtfully,  and  only  after  practice  at  all  the  preceding. 
*  *  *  gut  it  should  never  be  forgotten  that  as  this  is  essentially  a  prac- 
tical exercise,  the  burden  should  be  or  should  represent  as  closely  as  possi- 
ble an  object  likely  to  be  used  in  the  actual  occupations  of  the  soldier,  such 
as  a  ladder,  plank,  pole,  a  round  or  other  shot,  and  when  fairly  practiced 
in  these,  men  should  be  taught  to  carry  each  other  short  distances  in  the 
manner  and  positions  causing  the  least  fatigue  and  hindrance  to  progression. 

The  race  carrying  arms  and  knapsack  may  be  over  a  course  of  any 
length,  and  presenting  obstacles  of  any  kind,  natural  or  artificial ;  in  fact,  it 
should  be  practiced  over  every  course,  and  at  all  rates  of  speed,  and 
should  be  looked  upon  as  the  culminating  exercise  in  walking  and  running, 
for  in  it  may  be  represented  the  results  of  all  previous  practice  and  training. 
In  the  short  or  long  walk  or  race  on  the  level  surface,  the  weapon  should 
be  borne  at  the  "trail,"  and  frequently  changed  from  right  to  left;  in 
ascending  an  inclined  ladder,  in  the  right  hand  at  the  ' '  carry  ;  and  in  vault- 
ing it  should,  previous  to  the  vault,  be  carefully  deposited  beyond  the  bar- 
rier, resting  on  the  butt.  The  knapsack  should  never  be  moved  from  the 
back,  but  in  the  long  flat  race,  where  its  motion  of  rising  and  falling  with 
the  action  of  the  body  becomes  oppressive,  the  hand  not  employed  in  carry- 
ing the  weapon  may  be  passed  back  under  it  to  arrest  this  motion,  or  the 
sling  of  the  rifle  may  be  passed  round  the  upper  part  of  it,  the  butt  upwards 
and  the  stock  diagonally  crossing  it,  the  barrel  being  grasped  near  the 
muzzle.  As  in  the  race  carrying  weights,  every  change  of  position  is  a 
relief. 


EXTRACTS  FROM  LAWS  OF  ATHLETICS. 

The  important  object  of  athletic  education  is  not  merely  to  furnish  power 
to  travel  great  distances,  carry  great  burdens,  or  lift  great  weights  ;  it  is  to 
develop  that  condition  of  body  and  amount  of  vital  capacity  which  shall 
enable  each  man  in  his  place  to  pursue  his  calling,  and  work  on  in  his  work- 
ing life,  with  the  greatest  amount  of  comfort  to  himself  and  usefulness  to 
his  fellow-man. 

Physical  exercise  and  its  results  tcpon  bodily  health. 

No  man  need  at  the  present  day  apologize  for  the  attention  he  may  pay  to 
athletic  exercise.  The  time  is  past  when  men  can  be  told  that  it  is  a  need- 
less waste  of  time  to  devote  forty  or  sixty  minutes  out  of  the  twenty-four 
hours  in  rowing,  walking,  running,  or  any  other  of  the  many  exercises  that 
will  give  tone  and  strength  to  the  muscles. 

Preparation  or  training  is  to  supply  strength  where  there  is  weakness,  not 
to  develop  any  particular  part  of  the  system  at  the  expense  of  the  rest.  It 
must  be  borne  in  mind  that  the  true  object  of  training  is,  and  should  be,  not 
to  afford  proficiency  in  any  one  particular  kind  of  exercise,  but  to  bring  those 
important  organs  and  muscles  which  are  less  directly  engaged  in  the  ordi- 
nary course  of  the  exercise  into  such  a  condition  as  to  enable  them  to  support 
an  unusual  effort,  or  a  strain  such  as  they  are  quite  unaccustomed  to. 

That  there  may  come  great  injury  and  permanent  ailment  from  athletic 
games  and  exercises,  when  continued  beyond  the  power  of  endurance, 
there  can  be  no  doubt.  But  this  arises  only  from  inexcusable  imprudence. 
Fainting  and  pain  in  the  heart  or  head,  which  comes  at  the  very  height 
of  a  severe  strain  upon  endurance,  does  not  come  without  premonition  ;  and 
never  when  men  have  been  properly  trained  and  are  in  good  condition. 
Athletics  mean  permanent  health  and  strength,  not  lasting  ailment  and 
weakness  ;  the  former  will  surely  come  if  only  a  progressive  course  of  ex- 
ercise is  followed. 

Every  thoughtful  person  must  know  that  a  sudden  strain  on  the  heart, 
particularly  if  the  person  is  not  in  training  (and  here  the  great  advantages 
of  training  are  apparent),  ;iiay  be  the  cause  of  fatal  trouble ;  the  loss 
of  blood  from  the  lungs,  which  may  occur,  is  the  natural  relief  to  the  state 
of  tension.  There  is  also  the  important  fact,  that  can  not  be  too  often  re- 
peated, that  long-continued  running  or  walking,  if  pursued  to  excess,  can  and 
will  produce  disease  of  the  heart.  In  daily  life  we  may  be  called  upon  at  any 
moment  to  make  an  exertion  which,  if  we  are  unprepared  for,  may  be  in- 
jurious. Therefore,  every  man  should  keep  himself  in  such  condition  as  to 
be  prepared  to  bear  the  strains  of  ordinary  life  with  indifference  ;  and  though 


14 

he  may  have  no  desire  to  be  considered  an  athlete,  he  will  perceive  the 
salutary  object  which  athletes  have  in  view  in  training. 

Regimen. 

The  food  and  fluids  which  are  known  to  best  improve  the  condition 
of  the  blood  are  beef,  mutton,  chicken,  water,  and  tea,  and  as  a  rule  they  will 
agree  with  everyone's  physical  peculiarities.  There  are  other  requisites  in 
training — sleep,  air,  bathing,  clothing,  &c.  The  duration  of  sleep  must  be 
left  entirely  to  the  demands  of  the  system,  and  should  not  be  interrupted. 
The  want  of  physical  exercise  seems  to  preclude  satisfactory  sleep,  while 
the  athlete  takes  his  eight  hours  and  awakes  refreshed  and  strong.  The 
necessity  of  ventilation  in  the  bedroom  must  be  insisted  upon  by  leaving  the 
window  open  at  the  top  at  all  seasons  of  the  year.  The  cool  or  tepid  bath 
has  become  essential  to  the  comfort  of  most  men  ;  every  athlete  has  some 
experience  of  its  use  after  active  exercise.  Remember,  this,  like  other  good 
things,  must  not  be  carried  to  excess.  Cool  water  can  generally  be  used 
with  safety  soon  after  walking,  running,  rowing,  &c. ,  while  the  body  is 
warm  and  perspiring ;  but  to  guard  against  any  danger,  strip  and  rub  dry, 
keeping  up  a  brisk  circulation — then  the  quick  application  of  water. 

Sanitary  precatdion. 

The  dress  should  in  every  way  be  made  to  suit  the  freedom  of  movement 
which  is  required  in  walking,  running,  rowing,  &c.  The  principal  point, 
and  the  one  that  demands  your  particular  attention,  is  the  prevention 
of  cold  directly  after  the  exercise.  A  flannel  wrapper,  or  overcoat,  to  wrap 
around  the  body  and  limbs,  will  answer.  This  is  so  important  that  no  one 
in  training  should  be  without  it. 

The  sunlight  exercises  an  important  influence  upon  the  growth  and  vigor 
of  men. 

George  Seward's  system  of  training  for  walking  and  running. 

Rise  between  6  and  7  a.  m. — Sponge  the  body  and  rub  dry. 

Exercise. — A  brisk  walk  of  from  three  to  five  miles,  according  to  the 
weather ;  wash,  rub  dry,  and  good  hand  friction. 

Breakfast  at  8  or  8:30. — Oatmeal;  mutton  chop  ;  broiled  chicken  ;  bread 
one  day  old  ;  toast ;  tea. 

Exercise,  10:30. — Starting  on  a  slow  walk,  increase  the  pace  to  a  sharp 
run ;  go  a  good  distance  if  the  condition  and  weather  will  permit,  always 
ending  with  a  half  mile  at  a  moderate  walk. 

Dinner  at  1  p.  711. — About  the  same  as  at  breakfast,  with  the  addition 
of  some  fresh  vegetables,  but  sparingly. 

Exercise,  3:30. — Walking  and  running  moderately,  with  a  light  dumb- 
bell in  each  hand  ;  occasionally  drop  the  bells,  and  spurt  a  hundred  yards 
or  so. 


15 

Supper  at  7. — Two  fresh  eggs,  fresh  berries  or  stewed  gooseberries  ;  with 
bread,  toast,  and  tea. 
Bed  at  10. 

Swimming. 

Swimming  is  not  only  useful  in  promoting  great  muscular  strength,  but 
has  the  happiest  effect  in  tranquilizing  the  nervous  system. 

It  is  not  only  the  most  pleasureable  exercise  in  summer,  but  one  of  the 
most  beneficial. 

A  knowledge  of  the  art  is  so  often  important  to  the  soldier  in  the  dis- 
charge of  his  duties  that  it  should  be  promoted  by  all  in  authority. 

While  learning  to  swim  with  the  sweep  of  the  arm  is  with  most  persons 
attended  with  some  difficulty,  yet  to  swim  by  walking  or  treading  the  water 
demands  no  effort  which  the  individual  is  not  accustomed  to  make.  There 
are  but  two  requisites — confidence,  and  that  the  arms  be  kept  under  water. 

The  mere  act  of  swimming  in  itself  is  a  perfectly  simple  operation,  and 
can  be  acquired  in  a  very  few  lessons.  The  pupil  ought,  in  the  first  instance, 
to  commence  in  water  not  deeper  than  his  waist,  into  which  he  should  walk 
gradually.  The  ordinary  practice,  and  one  which  is  unfortunately  too  often 
recommended  and  as  often  followed,  of  plunging  in  head  first,  can  not  be 
too  severely  condemned,  for,  apart  from  the  danger  of  drowning,  the  shock 
to  the  system  frequently  produces  an  amount  of  discouragement  and  nerv- 
ous trepidation  which  require  some  time  to  overcome.  When  the  pupil 
has  advanced  to  the  depth  stated  and  there  is  no  sense  of  fear,  he  may 
gradually  immerse  himself;  this  may  be  repeated  a  number  of  times.  Next 
he  should  try  to  pick  up  some  object  from  the  bottom,  and  he  will  find  this 
a  very  difficult  task.  The  resistance  of  the  water  will,  however,  soon  give 
him  confidence  in  its  buoyant  properties.  This  experiment  will  soon  prac- 
tically establish  the  fact  in  the  mind  of  the  pupil  that  his  body  is  lighter 
than  water.  After  this  he  may  advance  a  little  deeper,  up  to  the  armpits, 
and  tread  the  water ;  after  he  feels  how  easy  it  is  to  do  this,  he  must  face 
the  shore  and  place  the  hands,  the  fingers  being  close  together,  about  four 
inches  under  water,  leaning  on  the  water  with  the  palms,  the  hands  being 
slightly  concaved,  and  throw  himself  forward.  He  is  immediately  to  sweep 
the  hands  around,  forming  a  half  circle,  then  drawing  the  elbows  close  to 
the  body  and  the  hands  to  the  chest ;  the  legs,  while  doing  this,  must  be 
drawn  up  ready  for  their  next  effort,  the  feet  turned  out ;  and  again,  as  he 
projects  his  hands  out  in  front,  he  must  kick  out  the  legs  to  their  fullest 
extent,  and  wide  apart ;  then  press  them  together  at  the  end  of  the  stroke 
and  again  draw  up  the  feet.  It  is  of  the  utmost  importance,  in  striking  out 
with  the  legs,  that  the  feet  be  perpendicular  to  the  leg ;  at  the  end  of  the 
kick  the  foot  drops,  so  that  in  drawing  the  leg  up  again  the  insteps  or  upper 
part  of  the  foot  offers  as  little  resistance  as  possible  to  the  water.  This  ac- 
tion of  the  ankle  joint  is  absolutely  necessary  before  perfection  can  be 
obtained. 


16 

It  is  decidedly  better  to  learn  how  to  swim  first  in  fresh  water,  because 
its  buoyancy  is  less  than  that  of  salt  water,  and  thus  a  perfect  confidence 
will  be  established  under  all  contingencies. 

Miscellaneous. 

By  introducing  the  principle  of  ' '  handicapping  ' '  into  amateur  contests 
the  interest  in  athletics  has  been  greatly  fostered.  Few  men  can  be  induced 
to  compete  on  equal  terms  with  an  athlete  of  marked  superiority,  but  when 
a  competent  officer  is  authorized  to  handicap  the  competitors,  each  entry 
has  a  fair  chance  to  win,  and  of  the  many  who  are  thus  induced  to  enter  for 
their  first  public  contest,  not  a  few  eventually  become  promising  athletes. 

The  athletic  code  is  now  so  stringent  as  to  exclude  from  the  official 
"record"  all  irregular  accomplishments.  Great  care  must  therefore  be 
exercised  in  the  arrangement  of  every  athletic  tournament  so  as  to  leave 
no  doubt  of  the  official  recognition  of  such  of  its  performances  as,  from  their 
excellency,  might  entitle  a  victor  to  a  championship.  In  the  following  com- 
pilation the  body  of  the  rules  are  those  that  now  govern  all  amateur  com- 
petitions here  and  in  England,  and  no  deviation  can  be  made  from  them 
without  vitiating  the  ' '  record."  Those  parts  of  the  work  that  are  included 
in  brackets  [  ]  are  explanatory,  introduced  for  special  military  purposes, 
or  are  not  yet  formally  adjudicated  upon  by  the  Amateur  Athletic  Union. 
They  are,  however,  drawn  from  standard  athletic  authorities  ;  are  recom- 
mended by  the  compilers  ;  and,  if  they  are  hereafter  made  the  received  rules 
of  each  branch  of  the  "American  Army  Athletic  Association,"  all  perform- 
ances under  them  will  be  admitted,  as  such,  into  the  athletic  "record" 
alongside  of  those  made  by  the  Amateur,  Inter-Collegiate,  Olympic,  and 
other  athletic  associations. 

The  adoption  of  the  Army  Creedmoor  ioo-yard  target  in  base-ball,  javelin, 
and  grenade  throwing  for  accuracy  is  an  innovation,  the  fitness  of  which, 
however,  it  is  believed,  will  be  apparent  to  all  military  men.  It  furnishes  a 
direct  standard  of  comparison  with  the  ordinary  target  practice,  is  itself  a 
well-known  and  authorized  short-range  target,  and  carries  into  this  class 
of  games  a  system  of  marking  the  excellence  of  which  has  long  been  thor- 
oughly established. 


RULES  FOR  THE  GOVERNMENT  OF  ATHLETIC  MEETINGS. 

Officers. 

The  officers  of  an  athletic  meeting  shall  be  :  One  clerk  of  the  course,  with 
assistants  if  necessary  ;  one  starter  ;  one  judge  of  walking,  with  assistants 
if  necessary  ;  three  time-keepers  ;  three  judges  at  the  finish  ;  three  meas- 
urers ;  and  one  referee. 

Clerk  of  the  course. 

He  shall  record  the  name  of  each  competitor  who  shall  report  to  him. 

Shall  give  him  his  number  for  each  game  in  which  he  is  entered,  and 
notify  him  before  the  start  of  every  event  in  which  he  is  engaged. 

The  assistants  shall  do  such  portions  of  his  work  as  he  may  assign  to 
them. 

Starter. 

He  shall  have  entire  control  of  competitors  at  their  marks. 

Shall  strictly  enforce  law  No.  3,  and  shall  be  the  sole  judge  of  the  fact 
as  to  whether  or  no  any  man  has  gone  over  his  marks.  His  decision  in 
such  cases  shall  be  final  and  without  appeal. 

Judge  of  walking. 

He  shall  have  entire  control  of  competitors  during  the  race  ;  shall  strictly 
enforce  Law  No.  8 ;  and  his  decision  as  to  unfair  walking  shall  be  final  and 
without  appeal. 

The  assistants  shall  do  such  portions  of  his  work  as  he  may  assign  to 
them. 

Scorer. 

He  shall  record  the  laps  made  by  each  competitor,  and  call  them  aloud 
when  tallied,  for  the  information  of  these  contestants. 

He  shall  record  the  order  of  finishing,  and  the  times  of  the  competitors  in 
walking  or  running  races. 

The  assistants  shall  do  such  portions  of  his  work  as  he  may  assign  to 
them. 

Time-keepers. 

Each  of  the  three  time-keepers  shall  time  every  event,  and  in  case  of  dis- 
agreement the  average  of  the  three  shall  be  the  official  time. 
Time  shall  be  taken  from  the  flash  of  the  pistol. 

Judges  at  the  finish. 

Two  shall  stand  at  one  end  of  the  tape  and  the  third  at  the  other.  One 
shall  take  the  winner,  another  the  second  man,  and  the  other  the  third  man  ; 
they  shall  also  note  the  distances  between  the  first  three  as  they  finish. 


18 

In  case  of  disagreement  the  majority  shall  decide. 

Their  decision  as  to  the  order  in  which  the  men  finish  shall  be  final  and 
without  appeal. 

Measurers. 

They  shall  measure  and  record  each  trial  of  each  competitor  in  all  games 
whose  record  is  one  of  distance  or  height. 

Their  decision  as  to  the  performance  of  each  man  shall  be  final  and 
without  appeal. 

Referee. 

He  shall,  when  appealed  to,  decide  all  questions  whose  settlement  is  not 
otherwise  provided  for  in  these  rules,  and  his  decision  shall  be  final  and 
without  appeal. 

Competitors. 

Immediately  on  arriving  at  the  grounds,  each  competitor  shall  report  to 
the  clerk  of  the  course  and  receive  his  number  for  the  games  in  which  he 
is  entered. 

He  shall  inform  himself  of  the  times  at  which  he  must  compete,  and  will 
report  promptly  at  the  start,  without  waiting  to  be  notified. 

No  competitor  will  be  allowed  to  start  without  his  proper  number. 

Protests. 

Verbal  protests  can  be  made  at  or  before  any  athletic  meeting  against  a 
competitor  or  team,  by  any  competitor  or  club  competing,  but  such  protests 
must  be  subsequently,  and  before  action  thereon,  made  in  writing  and  sworn 
to,  and  duly  presented  to  the  qualification  committee,  under  whose  auspices 
the  meeting  is  held  ;  it  is,  however,  provided  that  this  committee  reserve  to 
itself  the  power  to  disqualify  any  and  all  competitors  without  such  protests 
at  any  time,  for  such  reasons  as  may  seem  to  said  committee  good  and  suffi- 
cient. 

Inner  ground. 

No  person  whatsoever  shall  be  allowed  inside  the  track  except  the  officials 
and  properly  accredited  representatives  of  the  press. 

The  authorized  persons  will  wear  a  badge,  and  intruders  will  be  promptly 
ejected.  Competitors  not  engaged  in  the  game  actually  taking  place  will 
not  be  allowed  inside  or  upon  the  track. 

Track. 

The  measurement  of  tracks  shall  be  eighteen  inches  from  the  edge,  which 
edge  shall  be  a  solid  curb  raised  three  inches  above  the  level  of  the  track. 
[When  curbs  are  not  practicable,  flags  and  ropes  should  mark  their  place  at 
the  curves.] 


19 

IMPORTANT    DEFINITIONS. 

Full  equipments. 

[In  all  military  competitions  this  term  shall  mean  the  full  outfit  of  regu- 
lation arms,  ammunition,  accouterments,  &c.  It  is  sometimes  known  as 
"heavy  marching  order."  It  shall  weigh,  all  told,  not  less  than  sixty 
pounds. 

Where  the  regulation  equipment  is  of  less  or  greater  weight,  the  com- 
petitor shall  have  his  load  handicapped  to  the  standard.  Additional  weights 
are  to  be  carried  in  some  approved  military  manner.] 

A  record. 

["  Only  such  feats  as  are  accomplished  in  public  matches  or  meetings, 
and  the  genuineness  of  which  is  attested  by  properly  constituted  judges  and 
officials,  are  entitled  to  a  place  on  record."] — Laws  of  Athletics. 

Fair  heel-and-toe  walking. 

["Walking  is  a  succession  of  steps  not  leaps,  and  with  one  foot  always 
on  the  ground.  By  the  term  '  fair  heel-and-toe '  is  meant  that,  as  the  foot 
of  the  rear  leg  leaves  the  ground,  and  before  the  toes  have  been  lifted,  the 
heel  of  the  foremost  foot  should  be  on  the  ground."] — Chas.  Westhall. 

An  amateur. 

["An  amateur  is  a  person  who  never  competed  in  any  open  competition, 
or  for  a  stake,  or  for  public  money,  or  for  gate  money,  or  under  a  false 
name ;  or  with  a  professional,  for  a  prize  or  where  gate  money  is  charged  ; 
nor  has  ever,  at  any  period  of  his  life,  taught  or  pursued  athletic  exercises 
as  a  means  of  livelihood,  or  for  gain  or  any  emolument."] — Laws  of  Ath- 
letics. 


STANDARD  ATHLETIC  EXERCISES  IN  GENERAL. 


The  ioo-yards  dash. 

Running  220  yards. 

Running  440  yards. 

Running  880  yards. 

Running  one  mile. 

Running  three  miles. 

Walking  one  mile. 

Walking  three  miles. 

High  jump,  standing. 

High  jump,  running. 

Broad  jump,  standing. 

Broad  jump,  running. 

The  window  leap. 

Three  or  more  standing  jumps. 

The  hop,  step,  and  jump. 


The  hitch  and  kick. 

Hurdle  racing,  120  yards,  10  hurdles. 

Vaulting. 

Pole  leaping,  high. 

Pole  leaping,  broad. 

Putting  the  shot,  16  pounds. 

Throwing  the  hammer,  16  pounds. 

Throwing  the  56-pound  weight. 

Throwing  the  baseball,  distance. 

Throwing  the  baseball,  accuracy. 

Climbing  the  rope. 

Chinning  the  bar. 

Putting  up  the  56-pound  weight. 

Tug  of  war. 


Miscellaneous  athletic  contests. 

Bag  race,  wheelbarrow  race,  obstacle  race,  three-legged  race,  hop  race, 
and  tub  race. 


Military. 

Throwing  the  javelin,  distance. 
Throwing  the  javelin,  accuracy. 

Standing  jump,     '.  ^    I  full  equipments. 

Running  jump,  -  ,*j|  \    -  full  equipments. 

ioo-yards  dash,  full  equipments. 

440-yards  race,  full  equipments. 

1 -mile  race,  full  equipments. 

Obstacle  race  (120  yards),  full  equipments. 

Rolling  the  artillery  wheel  (ioo-yards  race). 

Games. 

Push-ball,  club-ball,  base-ball,  foot-ball,  the  cock-fight,  prisoner' s-base, 
and  hare  and  hounds. 


LAWS  OF  ATHLETICS. 
I. 
Attendants. 
No  one  shall  accompany  a  competitor  on  the  scratch  or  in  the  race. 

II. 
Starting  signals. 

All  races  (except  time  handicaps)  shall  be  started  by  report  of  pistol — the 
pistol  to  be  fired  so  that  its  flash  may  be  visible  to  the  time-keepers. 
A  snap  cap  shall  be  no  start. 
There  shall  be  no  recall  after  the  pistol  is  fired. 
Time  handicaps  shall  be  started  by  the  word  ' '  go. ' ' 

III. 

Starting. 

When  the  starter  receives  a  signal  from  the  judges  at  the  finish  that  every- 
thing is  in  readiness,  he  shall  direct  the  competitors  to  get  on  their  marks. 
Any  competitor  starting  before  the  signal  shall  be  put  back  one  yard. 

For  the  second  offense,  another  yard,  and  for  the  third  shall  be  disquali- 
fied. He  shall  be  held  to  have  started  when  any  portion  of  his  body 
touches  the  ground  in  front  of  his  mark. 

Stations  count  from  the  inside. 

IV. 

Keeping  proper  course. 

In  all  races  on  a  straight  track  each  competitor  shall  keep  his  own  position 
on  the  course  from  start  to  finish. 


Change  of  course. 

In  all  races  on  other  than  a  straight  track,  a  competitor  may  change 
towards  the  inside  whenever  he  is  two  steps  ahead  of  the  man  whose  path 
he  crosses. 

VI. 

Fouling. 

Any  competitor  shall  be  disqualified  for  willfully  jostling,  running  across, 
or  in  any  way  impeding  another. 


22 

VII. 
Finish. 
A  thread  shall  be  stretched  across  the  track  at  the  finish  four  feet  above 
the  ground.  It  shall  not  be  held  by  the  judges,  but  fastened  to  the  finish 
posts  on  either  side,  so  that  it  may  always  be  at  right  angles  to  the  course 
and  parallel  to  the  ground.  The  finish  line  is  not  this  thread,  but  the  line 
on  the  ground  drawn  across  the  track  from  post  to  post,  and  the  thread  is 
intended  merely  to  assist  the  judges  in  their  decision.  The  men  shall  be 
placed  in  the  order  in  which  they  cross  the  finish  fine. 

VIII. 
Heats. 

[If  races  are  run  in  heats,  the  two  best  in  each  trial  heat  shall  run  in  the 

deciding  heat.] 

IX. 

Walking. 

The  judges  shall  caution  for  any  unfair  walking,  and  the  third  caution 
shall  disqualify  the  offender. 

On  the  last  lap  an  unfair  walker  shall  be  disqualified  without  previous 
caution. 

[Walking  is  not  so  acceptable  for  amateur  competitions  as  running,  prin- 
cipally in  consequence  of  the  disputes  likely  to  arise  should  one  of  the  com- 
petitors begin  to  run.] 

X. 

Hurdles. 

The  regular  hurdle  race  shall  be  1 20  yards  over  ten  hurdles,  each  3  feet 
6  inches  high. 

The  first  hurdle  shall  be  placed  15  yards  from  the  scratch,  and  there 
shall  be  10  yards  between  each  hurdle. 

There  may  be  (by  special  announcement)  hurdle  races  of  different  dis- 
tances and  different  number  and  height  of  hurdles. 

[Hurdles  must  be  cleared  with  a  jump  ;  touching  the  hands  to  the  hurdle 
is  a  "  foul,"  and  disqualifies  the  offender.] 

XI. 

Military  races. 

[These  shall  be  in  "full  equipments,"  and  shall  include  the  100-yard 
dash,  the  440-yard  run,  and  the  1 -mile  run;  they  shall  in  other  respects 
be  governed  by  the  laws  for  free  racing.] 

XII. 

Rolling  the  artillery  wheel. 

[The  race  shall  be  for  100  yards.  The  wheel  shall  be  that  of  the  Reg- 
ulation field-carriage. 


23 

Competitors  and  wheels  shall  stand  toeing  and  tangent  to  the  scratch  at 
the  start,  and  should  be  at  io-yard  intervals.  The  wheels  may  be  handled 
at  will.     The  race  should  be  governed  by  laws  II,  III,  IV,  and  VI.] 

XIII. 

Jumping. 

No  weights  or  artificial  aid  will  be  allowed  in  any  jumping  contests,  ex- 
cept by  special  agreement  or  announcement. 

When  weights  are  allowed  there  shall  be  no  restriction  as  to  size,  shape, 
or  material. 

[The  ground  must  be  "level."] 

XIV. 
Running  high  jump. 

The  height  of  the  bar  at  starting  and  at  each  successive  elevation  shall  be 
determined  by  a  majority  of  the  qualified  competitors. 

In  case  of  a  tie,  the  referee  shall  decide. 

Three  tries  allowed  at  each  height.  Each  competitor  shall  make  one 
attempt  in  the  order  of  his  name  on  the  programme,  and  those  who  have 
failed,  if  any,  shall  have  a  second  trial  in  regular  order,  and  those  failing 
on  this  trial,  shall  then  take  their  final  trial. 

Displacing  the  bar  counts  asa  "  try. ' ' 

Three  balks  shall  count  asa  "  try. ' ' 

A  competitor  may  omit  his  trial  at  any  height,  but  if  he  fail  at  the  next 
height  he  shall  not  be  allowed  to  go  back  and  try  the  height  which  he 
omitted. 

[Where  jumping  is  practiced  on  hard  ground,  temporary,  if  not  chronic, 
disability  may  always  be  expected.  Too  much  care  cannot  therefore  be 
given  to  have  the  "alighting"  place  prepared,  so  that  it  will  be  free  of  any 
hard  substance,  as  stone,  and  elastic,  and  thus  prevent  a  shock  from  which 
injury  may  follow. 

If  the  jumping  ground  is  good  thick  sod,  it  will  be  sufficient  if  it  be  satu- 
rated with  water  the  night  before.  If,  however,  hard  and  gravelly  soil,  the 
' '  alighting ' '  place  must  be  excavated  to  the  depth  of  a  foot  and  filled  with 
sand  and  sawdust,  or  tan  bajk  ;  or  straw  or  brush  covered  with  clay.] 

XV. 

Pole  leaping. 

The  law  for  this  game  shall  be  the  same  as  that  for  running  high  jump. 

[The  uprights  should  be  9  feet  apart,  and  the  bar  be  placed  upon  pins 
that  project  2  inches.  Competitors  may  provide  their  own  poles,  which 
should  be  of  good  pine,  iron  shod  at  one  end,  10  to  12  feet  long,  and  i1/^ 
inches  thick.] 


24 

XVI. 
Standing  high  jump. 

The  competitors  may  stand  as  they  please,  but  must  jump  from  the  firsl 
spring. 

The  height  of  the  bar  at  starting  and  at  each  successive  elevation  shal 
be  determined  by  a  majority  of  the  qualified  competitors.  In  case  of  a  tie, 
the  referee  shall  decide. 

Three  tries  allowed  at  each  height.  Each  competitor  shall  make  one 
attempt  in  the  order  of  his  name  on  the  programme,  then  those  who  failed, 
if  any,  shall  have  a  second  trial  in  regular  order,  and  those  failing  on  this 
trial  shall  then  take  their  final  trial. 

Displacing  the  bar,  and  nothing  else,  counts  as  a  "  try. ' ' 

A  competitor  may  omit  his  trial  at  any  height ;  but  if  he  fails  at  the  next 
height,  he  shall  not  be  allowed  to  go  back  and  try  the  height  which  he 
omitted. 

XVII. 

Running  broad  jump. 

The  competitor  shall  have  unlimited  run,  but  must  take  off  behind  the 
scratch. 

Stepping  any  part  of  the  foot  over  the  scratch  in  an  attempt  shall  be 
"no  jump,"  but  shall  count  as  a  "try." 

Each  competitor  allowed  three  trials,  and  the  best  three  men  have  three 
more  trials  each. 

Each  competitor  shall  be  credited  with  the  best  of  all  his  jumps. 

The  measurement  shall  be  from  the  scratch  line  in  front  of  the  jumper's 
feet  to  the  nearest  break  of  the  ground  made  by  any  part  of  his  person. 

Three  balks  shall  count  as  a  "  try. ' ' 

XVIII. 
Standing  broad  jump.    ' 

Competitors  must  jump  from  the  first  spring. 

Stepping  any  part  of  the  foot  over  the  scratch  in  an  attempt  shall  be  "no 
jump,"  but  shall  count  as  a  "try." 

Each  competitor  allowed  three  trials,  and  the  best  three  men  have  three 
more  trials  each. 

Each  competitor  shall  be  credited  with  the  best  of  all  his  jumps. 

The  measurement  shall  be  from  the  scratch  line  in  front  of  the  jumper's 
feet  to  the  nearest  break  of  the  ground  made  by  any  part  of  his  person. 

XIX. 

Three  or  more  consecutive  standing  jumps. 

[The  law  for  this  game  shall  be  the  same  as  that  for  the  standing  broad 
jump.] 


25 

XX. 

Hop,  step,  and  jump. 

[The  law  for  this  game  shall  be  the  same  as  that  for  the  running  broad 
jump. 

In  the  hop  the  competitor  must  spring  and  alight  on  the  same  foot,  pass 
to  the  other  in  making  the  step,  and  finally  alight  on  both  feet  in  terminat- 
ing with  the  jump.'] 

XXI. 

Vaulting. 

[This  is  best  practiced  at  a  wooden  wall,  the  upper  board  sliding  in  grooves, 
and  being  pegged  tightly  at  each  height.] 

The  wall  must  be  fairly  cleared.  No  part  of  the  body  save  the  hands 
may  touch  it.  The  law  governing  the  game  is  in  other  respects  similar  to 
that  for  the  standing  high  jump. 

XXII. 

The  window  leap. 

[This  is  a  leap  between  two  horizontal  bars,  the  upper  of  which  gradually 
closes  towards  the  other. 

The  height  of  the  upper  bar  at  starting,  and  at  each  successive  variation, 
shall  be  determined  by  a  majority  of  qualified  competitors.  In  case  of  a 
tie  the  referee  shall  decide.  The  height  of  the  lower  bar  shall  remain  at  2 
feet. 

The  law  governing  the  trials  is  the  same  as  that  for  the  running  high 

jump.] 

XXIII. 

Military  jumps. 

[These  are  standing  or  running,  high  and  broad,  and  shall  always  be  in 
' '  full  equipment. ' '  The  laws  governing  them  shall  be  in  all  other  respects 
the  same  as  those  for  the  corresponding  free  jumps.] 

XXIV. 

Hitch  and  kick. 

[Some  resonant  object  is  suspended  from  the  bar  employed  in  the  high 
jumps,  and  kicked  at  successively  by  the  competitors.] 

The  height  of  the  object  at  starting,  and  at  each  succeeding  elevation, 
shall  be  decided  by  the  majority  of  qualified  competitors. 

In  case  of  a  tie  the  referee  shall  decide. 

Three  tries  allowed  at  each  height.  Each  competitor  shall  make  one  at- 
tempt in  the  order  of  his  name  on  the  programme,  then  those  who  have 
failed,  if  any,  shall  have  a  second  trial  in  regular  order,  and  those  failing  on 
this  trial  shall  then  take  their  final  trial. 


26 

The  competitors  must  spring,  kick,  and  alight  on  the  same  foot.  The 
run  is  unlimited. 

Springing  and  kicking  without  touching  the  object  kicked  at  counts  as  a 
"try." 

Three  balks  count  as  a  "try." 

Touching  the  object  with  the  foot  or  any  part  of  the  leg  below  the  knee, 
counts  as  a  fair  kick,  and  nothing  else. 

XXV. 

Putting  the  shot. 

The  shot  shall  be  a  solid  iron  sphere  weighing  sixteen  pounds. 

It  shall  be  put  from  the  shoulder  with  one  hand,  from  between  two  par- 
allel lines  7  feet  apart. 

Touching  the  ground  outside  either  line  with  any  part  of  the  person  be- 
fore the  shot  alights,  shall  make  the  attempt  "no  put,"  which  counts  as  a 
"try." 

Each  competitor  allowed  three  trials,  and  the  best  three  men  have  three 
more  trials  each. 

Each  competitor  shall  be  credited  with  the  best  of  all  his  puts. 

The  measurement  shall  be  from  the  nearest  break  of  the  ground  made 
by  the  ball,  perpendicularly  to  the  scratch  line,  extended,  if  necessary,  to 
meet  this  perpendicular. 

XXVI. 

Throwing  the  hammer. 

The  hammer  head  shall  be  a  solid  iron  sphere,  weighing  sixteen  pounds  ; 
the  handle  shall  be  of  hickory  wood,  and  the  length  of  the  hammer  and 
handle,  over  all,  shall  be  3  feet  6  inches. 

The  competitor  shall  stand  at  and  behind  the  scratch,  facing  as  he  please, 
and  throw  with  either  or  both  hands. 

Touching  the  ground  in  front  of  the  scratch  with  any  portion  of  the  per- 
son before  the  hammer  alights,  shall  make  the  attempt  ' '  no  throw, ' '  which 
counts  as  a  "  try. ' ' 

Letting  go  of  the  hammer  in  an  attempt  counts  as  a  "  try."  Each  com- 
petitor allowed  three  trials.  Each  competitor  shall  be  credited  with  the 
best  of  all  his  throws. 

If  the  head  strike  first,  the  measurement  shall  be  from  the  nearest  break 
of  the  ground  made  by  it. 

If  the  handle  strike,  one  length  of  the  handle  shall  be  allowed  from  the 
mark  made  by  the  end  of  the  handle  toward  the  mark  made  by  the  head 
of  the  hammer,  and  the  measurement  shall  be  from  this  point. 

The  measurement  shall  be  to  the  scratch  line  half  way  between  the  throw- 
er's  feet. 


27 

[When  a  run  is  allowed,  it  shall  not  be  limited  either  before  or  after  the 
throw,  and  the  distance  shall  be  measured  from  the  toe  of  the  foremost 
foot  immediately  before,  or  at  the  time  of  the  delivery,  to  the  pitch  of  the 
hammer.] 

XXVII. 

Throwing  fifty -six  pound  weight. 

This  shall  be  of  solid  iron,  and  any  shape  of  weight  and  handle  is  al- 
lowed, provided  the  whole  weight  is  fifty-six  pounds. 

The  competitor  shall  stand  at  and  behind  the  scratch,  facing  as  he  please, 
grasping  the  weight  by  the  handle,  and  shall  throw  it  with  one  hand. 

Touching  the  ground  in  front  of  the  scratch  with  any  portion  of  the  per- 
son before  the  weight  alights,  shall  make  the  attempt  ' '  no  throw, ' '  which 
counts  as  a  "  try. ' ' 

Letting  go  of  the  weight  in  an  attempt  shall  count  as  a  "  try." 

Each  competitor  allowed  three  trials,  and  the  best  three  men  have  three 
more  trials  each. 

Each  competitor  shall  be  credited  with  the  best  of  all  his  throws. 

The  measurement  shall  be  from  the  scratch  line  in  front  of  the  thrower's 
left  foot,  to  the  nearest  break  of  ground  made  by  the  weight  exclusive 
of  the  handle. 

XXVIII. 

Throwing  the  javelin. 

[The  standard  weight  of  the  javelin  or  pilum  shall  be  four  pounds.     The 

shaft  shall  be  of  ash  ;  it  shall  measure  7  feet  in  length  and  be  i){  inches  in 

diameter.     The  end  of  the  shaft  shall  be  finished  with  a  brass  cap  or  ferrule, 

beyond  which  a  stout  wrought-iron  pin  or  head  shall  project  not  more  than 

1   inch.     The  counterpoise  shall  be  cylindrical,   and  shall  be  formed  by 

wrapping  a  belt  of  sheet  lead,  5  inches  wide,  around  the  staff.     It  shall  be 

so  located  as  to  leave  3  clear  inches  of  the  staff  between  it  and  the  head, 

and  only  enough  lead  to  raise  the  finished  pilum  to  the  standard  weight  shall 

be  so  employed.] 

XXIX. 

Throwing  the  javelin  for  accuracy. 

[The  target  shall  be  the  100-yard  Army  Creedmoor.  It  shall  be  made 
of  wood,  and  be  located  15  yards  from  the  scratch. 

Each  competitor  is  allowed  a  string  of  five  throws,  the  results  of  which 
are  to  be  scored  in  Creedmoor  style.  Passing  beyond  the  scratch  is  ' '  foul, ' ' 
and  shall  count  as  a  "  miss."] 

XXX. 
Throwing  the  javelin  for  distance. 

[An  unlimited  run  is  allowed,  provided  the  pilum  is  delivered  before 
crossing  the  scratch. 


28 

Touching  the  ground  in  front  of  the  scratch  while  holding  the  pilum  is 
' '  no  throw, ' '  and  counts  as  a"  try. ' '  Each  competitor  is  allowed  three 
trials,  and  the  best  three  men  have  three  more  trials  each. 

Each  competitor  is  credited  with  the  best  of  all  his  throws. 

Measures  are  from  the  fall  of  the  head,  perpendicularly  back  to  the 
scratch.] 

XXXI. 

Throwing  the  base-ball  for  accuracy. 

The  ball  shall  be  of  regulation  size  and  weight. 

[The  target  shall  be  the  ioo-yard  Army  Creedmoor.  It  shall  be  made 
of  wood,  and  be  located  ioo  feet  from  the  scratch. 

A  string  of  ten  throws  is  allowed  to  each  competitor,  the  result  of  which 
shall  be  scored  in  Creedmoor  style.  Passing  beyond  the  scratch  is  ' '  foul, ' ' 
and  shall  count  as  a  "  miss. ' '     Ties  shall  throw  another  string  of  ten  balls.  ] 

XXXII. 
Throwing  the  base-ball  for  distance. 

An  unlimited  run  is  allowed,'  but  the  ball  must  be  delivered  before  cross- 
ing the  scratch,  or  the  "foul"  be  regarded  as  a  "try." 

Three  trials  are  allowed  to  each  competitor,  the  best  three  having  three 
other  and  final  trials.  Each  competitor  is  credited  with  the  best  of  all  his 
throws. 

The  measure  shall  be  from  the  point  of  fall  to  the  scratch,  and  not  from 
the  dead  ball,  thereto. 

XXXIII. 

Throwing  the  hand  grenade. 

[A  grenade  made  on  the  principle  of  the  "  Ketchum  hand  grenade" 
(with  the  charge  removed)  shall  be  used.  A  small  barb  may  be  screwed 
into  the  fuse-plug.  It  shall  be  thrown  for  accuracy  and  distance.  The  same 
rules  shall  govern  the  game  as  in  throwing  the  base-ball.  In  throwing  for 
accuracy  the  distance  shall  be  30  feet.  The  weight  of  the  grenade  shall  be 
eight  pounds  over  all.] 

XXXIV. 

Climbing  the  rope. 

[The  rope,  say  57  feet  long,  should  be  suspended  from  the  cross-trees 
of  the  flagstaff.  Competitors  are  allowed  to  use  hands  and  feet,  but  may 
not  rest  themselves  by  slinging  the  rope  around  any  part  of  their  person, 
nor  can  any  competitor  be  permitted  to  ascend  a  second  or  third  time  if  he 
puts  his  foot  to  the  ground,  or  does  not  come  down  hand  over  hand.  The 
staff  is  marked  off  in  feet,  beginning  7  feet  from  the  ground.] 


29 

XXXV. 

Tug  of  war. 
i.   The  ground  shall  be  loosened  to  the  width  of  3  feet,  and  to  a  depth 
of  not  less  than  6  inches. 

2.  The  side  crease  shall  be  12  feet  from  the  center. 

3.  The  mark  on  the  rope  must  be  over  the  center  crease  when  the  signal 
is  given,  and  the  team  hauling  that  mark  over  the  crease  on  its  own  side 
shall  win. 

4.  No  footing  holes  shall  be  made  before  the  start. 

5.  The  contestants  shall  not  wear  spikes. 

6.  The  rope  shall  be  1^  inches  in  diameter. 

7.  Immediately  before  the  contest,  the  captains  of  all  the  contesting  teams 
shall  draw  their  members. 

8.  Not  less  than  five  minutes  shall  be  allowed  each  team  between  heats. 

9.  Captains  shall  toss  for  choice  of  sides  before  each  pull ;  but  if  the  same 
two  teams  pull  more  than  once  during  any  meeting,  they  shall  change  ends 
at  each  successive  pull. 

10.  With  two  teams,  they  shall  pull  the  best  two  in  three.  With  three 
teams,  one  and  two  shall  pull,  then  two  and  three  and  three  and  one. 

With  four  teams,  one  and  two  shall  pull,  then  three  and  four,  and  the 
winners  pull  the  final. 

With  five  teams,  first  round,  one  and  two,  three  and  four,  five  has  a  bye  ; 
second  round,  winner  of  first  heat  pulls  with  five,  and  the  winner  of  this 
heat  pulls  the  final  with  the  winner  of  the  second  heat  of  first  round. 

Where  more  than  six  teams  are  entered  the  arrangement  of  trials  shall  be 
on  the  same  principle  as  in  the  above  examples. 

1 1 .  No  man  shall  be  substituted  for  another  who  has  already  pulled  in  one 
trial,  nor  shall  any  man  be  allowed  to  pull  with  more  than  one  team  in  any 
of  the  trials  for  the  same  prize. 

12.  A  time  limit  may  be  made. 

13.  The  weights  in  the  tug  of  war  shall  be  :  Feather-weight,  125  pounds 
and  under;  light-weight,  1 50  pounds  and  under  ;  middle-weight,  175  pounds 
and  under  ;  heavy-weight,  over  175  pounds. 

14.  All  weights  shall  be  stripped. 

XXXVI. 

Contests  of  special  skill. 
Sparring,  fencing,  wrestling,  &c,  are  arts  requiring  special  instructors, 
and  should  generally  be  left  to  special  competitions,   and  their  exhibition 
governed  by  the  standard  amateur  codes. 

XXXVII. 
Putting  up  the  fifty-six  pound  weight. 
[The  weight  shall  be  lifted  from  the  ground  in  both  hands,  and  raised  to 
the  height  of  the  shoulder.     It  shall  then  be  put  up  to  the  arm's  full  length 


30 

with  one  hand  (body  erect),  lowered  to  shoulder  height  ;  and,  without  a  rest, 
again  put  up,  and  so  on,  at  the  rate  of  not  less  than  fifteen  times  per  minute. 
Competitors  shall  have  but  one  trial  each,  which  shall  be  made  in  the  order 
of  their  names  upon  the  programme.] 

XXXVIII. 

Chinning  the  bar. 

[The  height  of  the  bar  shall  be  such  that  the  tallest  competitor  will  need 

a  low  stool  to  reach  it.    The  support  will  be  removed  at  the  first  rise  of  each 

competitor,  and  an  indicator  set  for  his  toes  to  touch  when  at  arm's  length. 

Each  legitimate  lift  shall  be  from  arm's  full  length  to  chin  over  the  bar. 

Each  competitor  shall  have  but  one  trial,  to  be  made  in  the  order  of  his  name 

on  the  programme.     The  weights  of  competitors  shall  be  classified  as  in  the 

tug  of  war,  and  may  be  stripped.     Each  competitor  shall  be  credited  with 

his  number  of  full  lifts.] 

XXXIX. 

Marking. 

[For  the  various  purposes  of  classification  and  general  comparison,  the 
following  system  of  marking  athletic  performances  is  proposed.  A  simple 
examination  of  this  code  will  show  that  any  one  who  has  a  rightful  claim  to 
more  than  ordinary  skill  at  particular  athletic  sports  should  be  able  to  score 
therein  upon  this  system  anywhere  from  one  to  five  marks.  A  failure  to 
score  even  a  single  mark  at  any  particular  game  is  evidence  of  no  special 
aptitude.  A  score  of  ten  marks  upon  this  system  has  never  yet  been  made 
at  any  of  the  games  below  enumerated,  and  while  such  a  score  is  certainly 
possible,  it  will  be  hard  to  attain,  and  it  is  highly  improbable  that  it  will  ever 
be  exceeded. 

Scores  of  eight  and  in  some  games  nearly  nine  marks  are  at  present  the 
highest  that  have  ever  been  made,  and  correspond  to  the  ' '  best-in-the- world ' ' 
records  of  champion  athletes.  Ten  marks  may,  therefore,  be  safely  re- 
garded as  the  ' '  best  possible ' '  score  at  each  of  the  following  games,  and 
200  marks,  equal  to  100  per  cent.,  the  best  at  the  whole  twenty. 

It  must  be  noticed  that  "marks"  serve  for  a  purpose  entirely  different 
from  that  accomplished  by  the  "  record"  strictly  so  called  ;  the  latter  is  al- 
ways imperative  and  from  it  scores  can  readily  be  obtained. 

When  "full  equipments"  are  carried,  the  limits  given  below  from  which 
the  ' '  marking ' '  commences  shall  be  one-half  lower  for  distance  or  height 
competitions  and  one-half  greater  for  those  of  time.  Scores  will  be  esti- 
mated from  the  new  limits  on  the  regular  scale  : 

Pedestrianism. 

100-yard  dash. — 1  mark  for  every  second  short  of  18  seconds. 
Half  mile  race. — 1  mark  for  every  8  seconds  short  of  3  minutes. 
1  mile  walk. — 1  mark  for  every  30  seconds  short  of  11  minutes. 


31 

Jumping. 

High  jump,  standing. — i  mark  for  every  y/2  inches  above  37  inches. 
High  jump,  running. — 1  mark  for  every  3}^  inches  above  42  inches. 
Broad  jump,  standing. — 1  mark  for  every  9  inches  beyond  7  feet. 
Broad  jump,  running. — 1  mark  for  every  18  inches  beyond  11  feet. 
Pole  jumping. — 1  mark  for  every  9  inches  above  5  feet. 
Hop,  step,  and  jump,  running. — 1  mark  for  every  2  feet  beyond  30  feet. 
Hurdle  race. — 1  mark  for  every  second  short  01*24  seconds. 
Hitch  and  kick. — 1  mark  for  every  7  inches  above  5  feet. 

Throwing. 

Putting  the  shot,  16  pounds. — 1  mark  for  every  3  feet  beyond  25  feet. 

Throwing  the  hammer,  16  pounds. — 1  mark  for  every  10  feet  beyond 
50  feet. 

Throwing  the  56-pound  weight. — 1  mark  for  every  18  inches  beyond  18 
feet. 

Throwing  the  base-ball. — 1  mark  for  every  18  feet  beyond  250  feet. 

Accuracy. 

Throwing  the  base-ball. — 1  mark  for  every  2  points  over  30  points  (Creed- 
moor). 

Throwing  the  javelin. — 1  mark  for  every  point  over  15  points  (Creed- 
moor). 

Climbing. 

127  feet  of  rope. — 1  mark  for  each  10  feet  beyond  the  first  27  feet. 

Lifting. 

Chinning  the  bar. — 1  mark  for  every  2  lifts  after  10  lifts. 
Putting  up  the  56-pound  weight. — 1  mark  for  every  8  puts  after  the  first 
10  puts.] 

XL. 

Classification. 

The  best  score,  in  each  game,  obtained  by  any  individual  member  of  a 
company,  regiment,  &c. ,  shall  be  the  score  of  that  company,  regiment,  &c. , 
in  each  game. 

Any  individual  who  shall  obtain  in  a  regular  tournament  or  meeting  a 
score  of  at  least  1  mark  in  each  of  the  above  games,  and  a  total  score  of 
100  marks  in  all  of  them,  shall  be  termed  a  ' '  champion  of  general  athletics, ' ' 
and  be  entitled,  as  such,  to  a  "  prize  certificate." 

Champions  of  general  athletics  shall  rank  according  to  their  scores,  the 
one  having  the  highest  score  being  "the  champion  general  athlete." 

Any  individual  who,  at  a  regular  tournament  or  meeting,  obtains  a  score 
of  at  least  1  mark,  each,  in  any  one  of  the  pedestrian,  five  of  the  jumping, 


32 

two  of  the  throwing,  one  of  the  accuracy,  and  in  either  one  of  the  climbing 
or  lifting  games,  and  whose  aggregate  in  such  ten  games  shall  equal  50 
marks,  shall  be  termed  a  "general  athlete,"  and  be  entitled,  as  such,  to  a 
' '  prize  certificate. ' ' 

Any  individual  the  aggregate  of  whose  best  scores  at  all  the  foregoing 
games  shall  equal  or  exceed  50  marks,  made  in  regular  tournament  or 
meeting,  shall  be  termed  ' '  an  athlete. ' ' 

' '  Athletes  ' '  shall  be  divided  into  classes  as  follows  : 

1st  class  athletes. — Whose  score  is  100  marks  or  over. 

2d  class  athletes. — Whose  score  is  75  to  99  marks. 

3d  class  athletes. — Whose  score  is  50  to  74  marks. 

And  members  of  each  class  shall  be  entitled,  as  such,  to  "prize  cer- 
tificates. ' ' 


OUT-OF-DOOR  GYMNASIUM. 

We  shall  limit  ourselves  in  this  connection  to  the  description  of  but  four 
species  of  apparatus,  viz  :  The  horizontal  bar,  the  parallel  bars,  the  leaping 
pole,  and  vaulting  horse.  These  are  by  far  the  most  useful  of  the  various 
gymnastic  appliances.  Upon  them  some  fifty  or  more  standard  and  funda- 
mental exercises,  which  range  in  their  scope  over  the  development  of  most 
all  of  the  more  important  muscles  of  the  body,  may  be  practiced  ;  and  with 
them,  and  the  simple  outfit  for  field  athletics,  already  described,  the  soldier 
fitting  himself  for  the  perfect  discharge  of  his  duties,  and  the  lover  of  manly 
sports,  can  find  ample  opportunity  for  the  highest  physical  improvement. 

The  horizontal  bar. 

The  bar  may  be  either  permanently  fixed  or  be  arranged  for  adjustment 
at  any  suitable  height. 

When  the  bar  is  to  be  permanently  fixed,  three  posts  will  be  found  very 
convenient.  In  this  case  one  post  should  be  somewhat  lower  than  the  other 
two.  These  posts  should  be  in  line,  and  be  fixed  in  the  ground  some  6 
feet  apart.  The  height  of  two  of  them  may  be  from  6  to  7  feet,  and  that 
of  the  third  (which  should  be  in  the  prolongation  of  the  other  two)  from  4  to 
5  feet.  A  bar  is  extended  across  the  tops  of  the  two  higher  posts,  and  another 
from  the  top  of  the  lower  post  to  the  corresponding  height  in  the  middle 
post.  The  bars  may  be  of  wrought-iron,  but  hickory  is  generally  employed, 
and  upon  the  whole  more  suitable.  They  should  be  smooth,  round,  and  some 
2  y^  inches  in  diameter.  The  posts  should  be  about  8  inches  square,  and  be 
so  fixed  as  to  withstand  any  amount  of  work  on  the  bars  without  being 
loosened  in  the  ground. 

If  the  bar  is  to  be  adjustable,  but  two  high  posts  are  needed.  Th%y  should 
be  of  the  dimensions  above  given,  and  be  fixed  at  the  same  distance  apart. 
Previous  to  being  placed  in  position,  a  groove  about  6  feet  long  should  be 
cut  through  each  post  to  about  18  inches  from  the  ground. 

About  twelve  or  fourteen  holes  should  be  bored  through  the  posts,  for 
iron  pins  to  keep  the  bar  at  the  required  height.  The  bar  should  have  the 
same  dimensions  as  in  the  first  case,  but  be  provided  in  addition  with  a 
shoulder  at  each  end  to  rest  firmly  against  each  post. 

The  parallel  bars. 

Four  posts  should  be  fixed  in  the  ground  perpendicular  on  the  inside, 
18  or  20  inches  apart  at  the  ends,  and  about  5  feet  6  inches  apart  length- 


34 

ways,  which  will  give  the  form  of  a  parallelogram.     These  posts  should  be 
about  4  feet  high,  made  strongly,  and  as  near  the  same  size  as  possible. 

The  bars  may  be  of  elm  or  other  strong  hard  wood,  free  from  knots,  and 
should  extend  about  a  foot  beyond  the  posts  at  each  end,  which  will  make 
them  7  feet  6  inches  long.*  They  should  not  be  perfectly  round  but  slightly 
flattened  on  both  sides  and  about  2^  inches  in  the  longest  cross  dimensions  ; 
their  ends  should  be  slightly  rounded  to  fit  the  hollow  of  the  hand. 

The  leaping  pole. 

This  should  be  of  a  tough  springy  wood,  about  2  inches  in  diameter  and 
from  8  feet  to  io  feet  long,  perfectly  smooth,  and  shod  with  iron  at  the  butt 
or  lower  end. 

The  exercises  with  the  leaping  pole  may  almost  be  viewed  as  belonging 
to  recreative  rather  than  systematized  exercise,  being  essentially  for  the  open 
air,  and  among  the  few  which  may  be  left  for  free  practice  after  the  learner 
has  acquired  a  knowledge  of  the  action  and  position  of  the  different  exer- 
cises. They  are  valuable  as  giving  precision  to  the  eye  and  hand,  the  power 
of  calculating  distance,  and  of  rapidly  determining  the  moment  for  executing 
a'  complicated  movement,  with  the  presence  of  mind  to  execute  it,  in  addi- 
tion to  the  physical  exercise  of  the  run  and  leap,  the  balance  and  descent. 

The  vaulting  horse. 

This  machine  should  be  formed  from  a  block  of  hard  wood,  about  5  feet 
3  inches  long,  14  inches  broad,  and  11  inches  deep,  the  top  being  rounded 
off  to  a  semi-circular  shape  and  the  section  of  the  ends  worked  off  to  a 
semi-circle.  The  sides  and  top  should  both  be  hollowed  out  towards  the 
center,  where  a  section  would  be  a  flattened  semi-circle,  1 2  inches  by  9  inches. 
The  object  is  to  make  the  body  of  such  a  shape,  by  carefully  rounding  every 
possible  yigle  and  projection,  that  whether  the  horse  be  used  from  the  sides 
or  from  the  croup,  nothing  but  the  most  convenient  surfaces  for  the  hands 
shall  be  presented.  The  body  should  be  rubbed  smooth  with  sand-paper, 
and  the  top  and  sides  should  be  covered  with  strong  leather,  the  upper  por- 
tion being  slightly  stuffed  with  horsehair.  The  supports  or  legs  may  be 
formed  with  two  deal  standards  at  each  end,  3^2  inches  by  2  inches,  and  10 
inches  apart  from  out  to  out  at  the  top,  under  the  end  of  the  horse,  spread- 
ing to  2  feet  4  inches  at  the  bottom,  and  resting  upon  a  plate  5  inches  by  3 
inches  and  3  feet  long,  firmly  screwed  to  the  floor  or  pinned  to  the  ground. 
The  standards  should  also  spread  longitudinally  beyond  the  ends  of  the 
body. 

*  By  introducing  two  additional  posts  in  the  prolongation  of  each  side  pair  the  length 
of  the  apparatus  may,  of  course,  be  doubled. 


GAMES. 

In  alluding  to  games,  Ravenstein  and  Hulley,  in  their  "Handbook 
of  Gymnastics  and  Athletics, ' '  remark  that  ' '  A  course  of  physical  education 
cannot  be  considered  complete  without  a  liberal  introduction  of  games. 
The  number  of  athletic  games  is  large,  but  it  is  better  to  confine  one's 
self  to  a  few,  and  to  attain  perfection  in  these  than  to  practice  many  and 
remain  a  novice  in  all." 

We  shall  therefore  limit  our  description  to  a  few  of  the  best — choosing, 
particularly,  such  as  may  be  participated  in  by  a  large  number  of  men  at 
once. 

Besides  the  national  game  of  base-ball — the  rules  of  which  are  too  well 
known  to  require  any  repetition — there  are  several  other  standard  ones  in- 
volving not  only  a  considerable  exercise  of  athletic  skill,  but  the  play 
of  which  is  full  of  interest  and  healthy  excitement.  Among  these  the  fol- 
lowing may  be  noticed : 


36 


■jboS  ut  qonox 


In  goal. 


'fBoS  ui  qonox 


Goal  line. 


f!8%  feef( 
I    goal.    J 


Goal  line. 


160  feet. 


a 

3 
O 
.O 


a 

3 

o 


ino-iiOTJi  jo  jitnn  ann-pJB^-oc 


i-3 
o 

3* 
o 

8" 

(3 
3 


J3 

o 

3 
o 


0) 


s 


s 

3 

5 


1-9 
o 

s 


o 

3 


25-yard-line  limit  of  tick-out. 


Touch  in  goal. 


•aun  IBC-o 


"im  091 

(       "[BOS      ) 

haaj  ViSX  J 


'3ni|  IBOf) 


IBOS  UI 


Touch  in  goal. 


37 

FOOT-BALL. 

Teams  lined  up  in  ' '  Order  of  Battle. ' ' 


o        o        o        o        o        o        o 

o 

o  o 

o 


THE   AMERICAN   GAME   OF   FOOT-BALL. 

Introductory,  by  Walter  Camp. 

The  rules  of  the  Intercollegiate  Association,  as  they  now  stand,  are  the 
product  of  years  of  careful  and  well-considered  legislation,  and  they  repre- 
sent the  work  of  captains  and  delegates  from  each  college  through  a  dozen 
years,  and  probably  twice  as  many  meetings.  For  the  last  few  seasons  the 
duty  of  proposing  any  alteration  has  devolved  upon  an  advisory  committee 
of  graduates,  and  the  association  then  approves  or  disapproves  of  the  change, 
but  there  has  never  been  any  conflict  of  opinion  between  the  two  bodies. 
In  the  nature  of  an  explanation  added  to  these  rules,  it  will  perhaps  be 
of  interest  to  the  players  using  them  to  see  something  of  the  development 
of  the  game  as  evidenced  by  these  changes.  The  rules  relating  to  the  offi- 
cers of  the  game  have  been  through  as  interesting  a  series  of  changes  as  any 
made  in  the  sport  itself.  The  original  rujes  provided  that  the  captains 
should  be  the  sole  arbiters  of  all  disputes.  It  is  impossible  to  imagine  what 
would  be  the  eventual  outcome  of  such  a  method  of  deciding  disputes  if  it 
were  employed  in  a  championship  contest  of  the  present  day.  One  thing 
is  certain,  and  that  is,  that  such  an  arrangement  was  questioned  even  at  the 
outset,  and  the  very  first  season  of  the  sport  in  this  country  witnessed  the 
adoption  of  the  referee  system.  It  is  true  that  the  captains  were  then  ex- 
pected to  and  did  make  claims,  but  the  referee  rendered  decisions.  The  next 
step  was  the  adoption  of  a  plan  allowing  each  side  a  judge,  who  took  the 


38 

place  of  the  captain  in  making  claims,  and  who  acted  as  an  advocate  in 
arguing  the  matter  with  the  referee.  The  abuse  of  this  system  promised  to 
turn  the  foot-ball  field  into  a  wrangling  ground,  where  the  judges  occupied 
too  large  a  proportion  of  the  time  and  attention  of  every  one.  Judges  were 
therefore  abolished,  and  the  referee  left  sole  master  once  again.  Although 
this  was  a  present  relief,  it  was  by  no  means  thoroughly  satisfactory  ;  and 
after  a  few  years  of  it,  in  which  it  became  more  and  more  manifest  that  the 
duties  were  too  severe  for  any  one  man,  the  double  system  was  adopted, 
and  one  referee  made  judge  of  the  ball  and  the  other,  or  umpire  as  he  was 
called,  judge  of  the  actions  of  players.  This  division  of  labor  has  greatly 
increased  the  efficiency  of  the  rulings  and  rendered  the  game  more  certain 
in  every  way.  The  scoring  has  also  undergone  radical  changes.  At  first 
goals  only  counted,  then  touch-downs,  then  safeties,  and  finally  to  each  point 
was  given  a  fixed  numerical  value.  The  rules  regarding  scrimmages,  how- 
ever, mark  the  chief  divergence  of  the  American  game  from  the  Rugby 
Union  of  the  Englishman.  The  original  rule  stated  that  the  ball  must  be 
placed  upon  the  ground,  and  the  players  of  the  respective  sides  who  had 
closed  in  about  it  should,  by  kicking  and  pushing  their  opponents  back, 
endeavor  to  drive  the  ball  in  the  direction  of  their  opponents'  goal-line. 
The  player  of  the  present  day  has  little  idea  of  the  shin-kicking  contest  into 
which  the  old-fashioned  scrimmage  developed  immediately  the  ball  was  put 
in  plav.  The  positions  of  quarter-back  and  snap-back  mark  the  introduc- 
tion of  rules  admitting  the  present  snapping-back  of  the  American  game, 
and  it  is  safe  to  say  that  the  greater  skill  and  precision  of  that  method  can 
not  be  equalled  under  the  old  English  rules.  The  "block  game,"  as  it 
was  called,  was  the  only  feature  of  this  outlet  for  a  "  down ' '  which  promised 
to  make  the  method  unsatisfactory,  and  this  was  killed  by  the  introduction 
of  the  five-yard  rule.  This  latter  has  made  the  American  game  far  faster 
than  the  English,  and  more  suited,  therefore,  to  the  demands  of  American 
players  and  spectators.  ' '  Maul  in  goal, ' '  another  disagreeable  feature  of  the 
game  as  it  was  first  played  by  our  collegians,  offered  to  the  legislators  more 
difficulties  than  almost  any  other  of  the  entire  code,  and,  after  attacking  the 
problem  in  various  ways  and  from  all  sides,  they  came  to  the  sensible  con- 
clusion that  the  best  thing  was  to  eliminate  it  and  all  rules  bearing  upon  it. 
No  one  has  ever  felt  the  loss  in  any  way  but  pleasantly.  Off  and  on  side 
were  principles  at  first  extremel}'  difficult  for  men  who  had  been  accustomed 
to  the  early  American  game  to  grasp,  and  it  was  a  year  or  two  before  they 
were  thoroughly  mastered.  Even  now  we  do  not  observe  them  with  any- 
thing like  the  strictness  of  the  Englishman,  as  our  method  of  interference 
for  the  benefit  of  the  runner  sufficiently  proves.  Our  system  of  penalties 
for  the  infringement  of  certain  of  the  rules  became  necessary  from  the  lack 
of  any  traditions  respecting  the  game,  and  the  system  has  by  its  growth 
proved  a  satisfactory  method  of  dealing  with  infractions  of  all  kinds.  Noth- 
ing can  show  this  more  plainly  than  the  oft-repeated  phenomena  of  the  dis- 


39 

opearance  of  some  pet  form  of  small  rule-breaking  as  soon  as  a  penalty 
as  applied  to  it.  Low  tackling,  holding  an  opponent  when  he  has  not  the 
all,  striking  with  the  fist,  all  these  have  been  made  the  subject  of  special 
:gislation,  and,  as  soon  as  a  sufficient  penalty  was  attached,  have  become 
xceedingly  rare.  Some  of  the  rules  as  they  now  stand  represent  the 
xcision  of  objectionable  features  which  are  now  no  more  than  a  memory, 
[or  instance,  the  rule  regarding  the  use  of  sticky  or  greasy  substance  on 
ie  person  of  players  was  inserted  to  prevent  the  use  of  Venetian  turpen- 
ne  on  the  hands  and  lard  on  the  canvas  jackets  of  the  contestants,  both 
f  which  customs  have  been  entirely  forgotten,  although  common  when  the 
ale  was  adopted.  Under  the  definition  of  "kick-out"  appears  another 
die  in  the  shape  of  the  clause  "and  cannot  score  a  goal."  This  clause  was 
ne  of  the  original  wordings,  and  existed  in  the  English  rules  when  the 
ctual  size  of  the  field  was  not  specified,  and  on  minimum  fields  it  was  pos- 
ible,  with  the  assistance  of  the  wind,  to  actually  kick  a  goal  from  kick-out. 
'layers  of  to-day  are  wont  to  think  that  this  clause  refers  to  a  kick-out 
'hich  the  wind  blows  back,  so  that  it  goes  over  the  goal  of  the  parties  de- 
eding the  goal  ;  but  this  would  not  score  a  goal  in  any  sense,  as  the  ball 
lust  go  over  the  cross  bar  of  the  opponents'  goal  to  score.  ' '  Waving  the 
at "  is  another  clause  which  marks  the  death  of  a  custom  extremely  dis- 
greeable  to  halves  and  back.  The  opposing  rushers,  when  coming  down 
nder  a  kick,  would  seize  their  long  hats  by  the  tassel  and  actually  swing 
lem  before  the  eyes  of  the  man  attempting  to  catch  the  ball,  thus  render- 
lg  anything  like  sure  catching  out  of  the  question.  While  one  easily  sees 
le  inestimable  value  which  this  careful  legislation  has  been  to  the  game  in 
lis  country,  he  has  but  to  talk  with  these  legislators,  past  and  present,  to 
nd  how  strongly  they  oppose  all  legislation  not  actually  demanded  by 
buses  in  the  sport.  The  reason  for  this  is  that  they  have  seen  how  far- 
2aching  any  alteration  is  liable  to  prove  in  its  ultimate  effect  upon  the  play- 
lg,  and  they  are  therefore  averse  to  legislating,  except  when  it  becomes 
bsolutely  necessary. 

Of  all  college  sports  foot-ball  has  proved  most  attractive  to  the  spectators. 
t  has  suffered  more  rebuffs  at  the  hands  of  the  press  than  any  other  game, 
ut  these  rebuffs  were  attributable  to  ignorance  of  the  rules  and  customs, 
nd  as  the  sport  became  better  known  the  adverse  criticism  decreased  until 
;  has  now  almost  disappeared.  The  history  of  the  sport  in  England  has 
een  equally  one  of  a  series  of  rebuffs.  As  far  back  as  1343  Edward  III 
bjected  that  it  distracted  men  from  archery,  and  a  repressive  law  was 
lerefore  enacted  against  it.  Again,  forty-six  years  later,  Richard  II  pro- 
ibited  it.  Henry  IV,  Henry  VII,  and  Elizabeth  all  assailed  the  pastime, 
nd  many  are  the  writers  who  have  set  their  pens  most  vigorously  against 
:.  Stubbs,  Elyot,  and  Carew  each  had  a  turn  at  abusing  foot-ball,  but  it 
i  to-day  one  of  Merrie  England's  best  of  games,  and  into  nearly  every 
English  colony  her  sturdy  sons  have  carried  this  sport.     No  game  has 


40 

shown  such  a  remarkable  vitality  in  the  face  of  all  opposition.  It  has 
steadily  increased  the  number  of  its  supporters,  and  it  has  no  deserters. 
Every  convert  becomes  an  eager  advocate  of  its  merits,  and  although  it  is 
only  fifteen  years  old  in  America,  nearly  every  school  and  college  has  a 
team,  and  the  principal  'varsity  matches  draw  audiences  of  some  thirty 
thousand  spectators.  If  it  be  not  debauched  by  the  insidious  evils  of  money- 
making,  if  its  adherents  will  only  see  to  it  that  no  taint  of  professionalism 
be  allowed  to  creep  in  and  destroy  it  from  within,  its  popularity  is  as  sure 
as  that  of  any  sport  in  existence. 

FOOT-BALL   RULES    OF  THE  AMERICAN  INTERCOLLEGIATE  ASSOCIATION.* 

Rule  i.  (a)  A  drop-kick  is  made  by  letting  the  ball  fall  from  the  hands 
and  kicking  it  at  the  very  instant  it  rises. 

(&)  A  place-kick  is  made  by  kicking  the  ball  after  it  has  been  placed  on 
the  ground. 

(c)  A  punt  is  made  by  letting  the  ball  fall  from  the  hands  and  kicking  it 
before  it  touches  the  ground. 

(d)  Kick-off  is  a  place-kick  from  the  center  of  the  field  of  play,  and  can- 
not score  a  goal. 

0)  Kick-out  is  a  drop-kick,  or  place-kick,  by  a  player  of  the  side  which 
has  touched  the  ball  down  in  their  own  goal,  or  into  whose  touch-in-goal 
the  ball  has  gone,  and  cannot  score  a  goal. 

(/)  A  free-kick  is  one  where  the  opponents  are  restrained  by  rule. 

Rule  2.  (a)  In  touch  means  out  of  bounds. 

(6)  A  fair  is  putting  the  ball  in  play  from  touch. 

Rule  3.   A  foul  is  any  violation  of  a  rule. 

Rule  4.  (a)  A  touch-down  is  made  when  the  ball  is  carried,  kicked,  or 
passed  across  the  goal  line  and  there  held,  either  in  goal  or  touch-in-goal. 

(6)  A  safety  is  made  when  a  player  guarding  his  goal  receives  the  ball 
from  a  player  of  his  own  side,  either  by  a  pass,  kick,  or  a  snap-back,  and 
then  touches  it  down  behind  his  goal  line,  or  when  he  himself  carries  the 
ball  across  his  own  goal  line  and  touches  it  down,  or  when  he  puts  the  ball 
into  his  own  touch-in-goal,  or  when  the  ball,  being  kicked  by  one  of  his 
own  side,  bounds  back  from  an  opponent  across  the  goal  line  and  he  then 
touches  it  down. 

(c)  A  touch-back  is  made  when  a  player  touches  the  ball  to  the  ground 
behind  his  own  goal,  the  impetus  which  sent  the  ball  across  the  line  having 
been  received  from  an  opponent. 

Rule  5.  A  punt-out  is  a  punt  made  by  a  player  of  the  side  which  has 
made  a  touch-down  in  their  opponents'  goal  to  another  of  his  own  side  for 
a  fair  catch. 


*  These  rules  were  also  adopted  by  the  Board  of  Managers  of  the  Amateur  Athletic 
Union,  June  2,  1888.     Re-approved  May  13,  1890. 


41 

Rule  6.  A  goal  may  be  obtained  by  kicking  the  ball  in  any  way  except 
a  punt  from  the  field  of  play  (without  touching  the  ground,  or  dress,  or 
person  of  any  player  after  the  kick)  over  the  cross-bar  or  post  of  opponents' 
goal. 

Rule  7.  A  scrimmage  takes  place  when  the  holder  of  the  ball  puts  it 
down  on  the  ground,  and  puts  it  in  play  by  kicking  it  or  snapping  it  back. 

Rule  8.  A  fair  catch  is  a  catch  made  direct  from  a  kick  by  one  of  the 
opponents,  or  from  a  punt-out  by  one  of  the  same  side,  provided  the  catcher 
made  a  mark  with  his  heel  at  the  spot  where  he  has  made  the  catch,  and 
no  other  of  his  side  touch  the  ball.  If  the  catcher,  after  making  his  mark, 
be  deliberately  thrown  to  the  ground  by  an  opponent,  he  shall  be  given  five 
yards,  unless  this  carries  the  ball  across  the  goal  line. 

Rule  9.   Charging  is  rushing  forward  to  seize  the  ball  or  tackle  a  player. 

Rule  10.  Interference  is  using  the  hands  or  arms  in  any  way  to  obstruct 
or  hold  a  player  who  has  not  the  ball,  not  the  runner. 

Rule  i  i  .  The  ball  is  dead — 

I.  When  the  holder  has  cried  down,  or  when  the  referee  has  cried  down, 
or  when  the  umpire  has  called  foul. 

II.  When  a  goal  has  been  obtained. 

III.  When  it  has  gone  into  touch,  or  touch-in-goal,  except  for  punt-out. 

IV.  When  a  touch-down  or  safety  has  been  made. 

V.  When  a  fair  catch  has  been  heeled.  No  play  can  be  made  while  the 
ball  is  dead,  except  to  put  in  play  by  rule. 

Rule  12.  The  grounds  must  be  330  feet  in  length  and  160  feet  in  width, 
with  a  goal  placed  in  the  middle  of  each  goal  line,  composed  of  two  upright 
posts,  exceeding  20  feet  in  height,  and  placed  18  feet  6  inches  apart,  with 
cross-bar  10  feet  from  the  ground. 

Rule  13.  The  game  shall  be  played  by  teams  of  eleven  men  each  ;  and 
in  case  of  a  disqualified  or  injured  player  a  substitute  shall  take  his  place. 
Nor  shall  the  disqualified  or  injured  player  return  to  further  participation 
in  the  game. 

Rule  14.  There  shall  be  an  umpire  and  a  referee.  No  man  shall  act  as 
an  umpire  who  is  an  alumnus  of  either  of  the  competing  colleges.  The 
umpires  shall  be  nominated  and  elected  by  the  advisory  committee.  The 
referee  shall  be  chosen  by  the  two  captains  of  the  opposing  teams  in  each 
game,  except  in  case  of  disagreement,  when  the  choice  shall  be  referred 
to  the  advisory  committee,  whose  decision  shall  be  final.  All  the  referees 
and  umpires  shall  be  permanently  elected  and  assigned,  on  or  before  the 
third  Saturday  in  October  in  each  year. 

Rule  15.  (a)  The  umpire  is  the  judge  for  the  players,  and  his  decision 
is  final  regarding  fouls  and  unfair  tactics. 

(b)  The  referee  is  judge  for  the  ball,  and  his  decision  is  final  in  all  points 
not  covered  by  the  umpire. 


42 

(c)  Both  umpire  and  referee  shall  use  whistles  to  indicate  cessation 
of  play  on  fouls  and  downs.  The  referee  shall  use  a  stop  watch  in  timing 
the  game. 

Rule  16.  (a)  The  time  of  a  game  is  an  hour  and  a  half,  each  side  play- 
ing forty-five  minutes  from  each  goal.  There  shall  be  ten  minutes'  inter- 
mission between  the  two  halves.  The  game  shall  be  decided  by  the  score 
of  even  halves.  Either  side  refusing  to  play  after  ordered  to  by  the  referee, 
shall  forfeit  the  game.  This  shall  also  apply  to  refusing  to  commence  the 
game  when  ordered  to  by  the  referee.  The  referee  shall  notify  the  captains 
of  the  time  remaining  not  more  than  ten  nor  less  than  five  minutes  from  the 
end  of  each  half. 

(&)  Time  shall  not  be  called  for  the  end  of  a  three-quarter  until  the  ball 
is  dead  ;  and  in  the  case  of  a  try-at-goal  from  a  touch-down  the  try  shall  be 
allowed.  Time  shall  be  taken  out  while  the  ball  is  being  brought  out  either 
for  a  try,  kick-out  or  kick-off. 

Rule  17.  No  one  wearing  projecting  nails  or  iron  plates  on  his  shoes, 
or  any  metal  substance  upon  his  person,  shall  be  allowed  to  play  in  a  match. 
No  sticky  or  greasy  substance  shall  be  used  on  the  person  of  players. 

Rule  18.  The  ball  goes  into  touch  when  it  crosses  the  side  line,  or  when 
the  holder  puts  part  of  either  foot  across  or  on  that  line.  The  touch  line  is 
in  touch  and  the  goal  line  in  goal. 

Rule  19.  The  captains  shall  toss  up  before  the  commencement  of  the 
match,  and  the  winner  of  the  toss  shall  have  his  choice  of  goal  or  of  kick- 
off.     The  same  side  shall  not  kick-off  in  two  successive  halves. 

Rule  20.  The  ball  shall  be  kicked  off  at  the  beginning  of  each  half;  and 
whenever  a  goal  has  been  obtained  the  side  which  has  lost  it  shall  kick  off. 

Rule  21.  A  player  who  has  made  and  claimed  a  fair  catch  shall  take  a 
drop-kick,  or  a  punt,  or  place  the  ball  for  a  place-kick.  The  opponents 
may  come  up  to  the  catcher's  mark,  and  the  ball  must  be  kicked  from  some 
spot  behind  that  mark  on  a  parallel  to  touch  line. 

Rule  22.  The  side  which  has  a  free-kick  must  be  behind  the  ball  when 
it  is  kicked.  At  kick-off  the  opposite  side  must  stand  at  least  10  yards  in 
front  of  the  ball  until  it  is  kicked. 

Rule  23.  Charging  is  lawful  for  opponents  if  a  punter  advances  beyond 
his  line,  or  in  case  of  a  place-kick,  immediately  the  ball  is  put  in  play  by 
touching  the  ground.     In  case  of  a  punt-out,  not  till  ball  is  kicked. 

Rule  24.  (a)  A  player  is  put  off  side  if,  during  a  scrimmage,  he  gets  in 
front  of  the  ball,  or  if  the  ball  has  been  last  touched  by  his  own  side  behind 
him.  It  is  impossible  for  a  player  to  be  offside  in  his  own  goal.  No  player 
when  off  side  shall  touch  the  ball,  or  interrupt,  or  obstruct  opponent  with 
his  hands  or  arms  until  again  on  side. 

(6)  A  player  being  off  side  is  put  on  side  when  the  ball  has  touched  an 
opponent,  or  when  one  of  his  own  side  has  run  in  front  of  him,  either  with 
the  ball,  or  having  touched  it  when  behind  him. 


43 

(c)  If  a  player  when  off  side  touches  the  ball  inside  the  opponents'  5-yard 
line,  the  ball  shall  go  as  a  touch-back  to  the  opponents. 

Rule  25.  No  player  shall  lay  his  hands  upon,  or  interfere  by  use  of  hands 
or  arms,  with  an  opponent,  unless  he  has  the  ball.  The  side  which  has  the 
ball  can  only  interfere  with  the  body.  The  side  which  has  not  the  ball  can 
use  the  hands  and  arms,  as  heretofore. 

Rule  26.  (a)  A  foul  shall  be  granted  for  intentional  delay  of  game, 
off  side  play,  or  holding  an  opponent,  unless  he  has  the  ball.  No  delay 
arising  from  any  cause  whatsoever  shall  continue  more  than  five  minutes. 

(6)  The  penalty  for  fouls  and  violation  of  rules,  except  otherwise  pro- 
vided, shall  be  a  down  for  the  other  side ;  or,  if  the  side  making  the  foul 
has  not  the  ball,  5  yards  to  the  opponents. 

Rule  27.  (a)  A  player  shall  be  disqualified  for  unnecessary  roughness, 
hacking  or  striking  with  closed  fist. 

(b)  For  the  offenses  of  throttling,  tripping  up,  or  intentional  tackling  be- 
low the  knees,  the  opponents  shall  receive  25  yards,  or  a  free-kick,  at  their 
option.  In  case,  however,  the  25  yards  would  carry  the  ball  across  the  goal 
line  they  can  have  half  the  distance  from  the  spot  of  the  offense  to  the  goal 
line,  and  shall  not  be  allowed  a  free-kick. 

Rule  28.  A  player  may  throw  or  pass  the  ball  in  any  direction  except 
towards  opponents'  goal.  If  the  ball  be  batted  in  any  direction  or  thrown 
forward  it  shall  go  down  on  the  spot  to  opponents. 

Rule  29.  If  a  player  when  off  side  interferes  with  an  opponent  trying  for 
a  fair  catch,  by  touching  him  or  the  ball,  or  waving  his  hat  or  hands,  the 
opponent  may  have  a  free-kick,  or  down,  where  the  interference  occurred. 

Ruel  30.  (a)  If  a  player  having  the  ball  be  tackled  and  the  ball  fairly 
held,  the  man  so  tackling  shall  cry  ' '  held, ' '  the  one  so  tackled  must  cry 
' '  down, ' '  and  some  player  of  his  side  put  it  down  for  a  scrimmage.  The 
snapper  back  and  the  man  opposite  him  cannot  pick  out  the  ball  with  the 
hand  until  it  touch  a  third  man  ;  nor  can  the  opponents  touch  the  ball  until 
it  is  in  motion.  The  snapper  back  is  entitled  to  but  half  the  ball.  If  the 
snapper  back  be  off  side  in  the  act  of  snapping  back,  the  ball  must  be 
snapped  again,  and  if  this  occurs  three  times  on  same  down,  the  ball  goes 
to  opponents.  The  man  who  first  receives  the  ball  when  snapped  back  from 
a  down,  or  thrown  back  from  a  fair,  shall  not  carry  the  ball  forward  under 
any  circumstances  whatever.  If,  in  three  consecutive  fairs  and  downs,  un- 
less the  ball  cross  the  goal  line,  a  team  shall  not  have  advanced  the  ball  5 
or  taken  it  back  20  yards,  it  shall  go  to  the  opponents  on  spot  of  fourth. 
"Consecutive"  means  without  leaving  the  hands  of  the  side  holding  it, 
and  by  a  kick  giving  opponents  fair  and  equal  chance  of  gaining  pos- 
session of  it. 

(6)  The  man  who  puts  the  ball  in  play  in  a  scrimmage  cannot  pick  it  up 
until  it  has  touched  some  third  man.  ' '  Third  man ' '  means  any  other  player 
than  the  one  putting  the  ball  in  play  and  the  man  opposite  him. 


44 

Rule  31.  If  the  ball  goes  into  touch,  whether  it  bounds  back  or  not,  a 
player  on  the  side  which  touches  it  down  must  bring  it  to  the  spot  where 
the  line  was  crossed,  and  there  either — 

I.  Bound  the  ball  in  the  field  of  play,  or  touch  it  in  with  both  hands,  at 
right  angles  to  the  touch  line,  and  then  run  with  it,  kick  it,  or  throw  it 
back ;  or 

II.  Throw  it  out  at  right  angles  to  the  touch  line ;  or 

III.  Walk  out  with  it  at  right  angles  to  touch  line,  any  distance  not  less 
than  5  nor  more  than  15  yards,  and  there  put  it  down,  first  declaring  how 
far  he  intends  walking.  The  man  who  puts  the  ball  in  must  face  field  or 
opponents'  goal,  and  he  alone  can  have  his  foot  outside  touch  line.  Any 
one,  except  him,  who  puts  his  hands  or  feet  between  the  ball  and  his  op- 
ponents' goal  is  off  side.  If  it  be  not  thrown  out  at  right  angles,  either  side 
may  claim  it  thrown  over  again,  and  if  it  fail  to  be  put  in  play  fairly  in  three 
trials  it  shall  go  to  the  opponents. 

Rule  32.  A  side  which  has  made  a  touch-down  in  their  opponents'  goal 
must  try  at  goal,  either  by  a  place-kick  or  a  punt-out. 

Rule  33.  (a)  If  the  try  be  by  a  place-kick,  a  player  of  the  side  which 
has  touched  the  ball  down  shall  bring  it  up  to  the  goal  line,  and  making  a 
mark  opposite  the  spot  where  it  was  touched  down,  bring  it  out  at  right 
angles  to  the  goal  line  such  distance  as  he  thinks  proper,  and  there  place  it 
for  another  of  his  side  to  kick.  The  opponents  must  remain  behind  their 
goal  line  until  the  ball  has  been  placed  on  the  ground. 

(b)  The  placer  in  a  try-at-goal  may  be  off  side  or  in  touch  without  vitiat- 
ing the  kick. 

Rule  34.  If  the  try  be  by  a  punt-out,  the  punter  shall  bring  the  ball  up 
to  the  goal  line,  and  making  a  mark  opposite  the  spot  where  it  was  touched 
down,  punt-out  from  any  spot  behind  line  of  goal  and  not  nearer  the  goal 
post  than  such  mark,  to  another  of  his  side,  who  must  all  stand  outside 
of  goal  line  not  less  than  15  feet.  If  the  touch-down  was  made  in  touch  in 
goal,  the  punt-out  shall  be  made  from  the  intersection  of  the  goal  and  touch 
lines.  The  opponents  may  line  up  anywhere  on  the  goal  line  except  space 
of  5  feet  on  each  side  of  punter's  mark,  but  cannot  interfere  with  punter, 
nor  can  he  touch  the  ball  after  kicking  it  until  it  touch  some  other  player. 
If  a  fair  catch  be  made  from  a  punt-out,  the  mark  shall  serve  to  determine 
positions  as  the  mark  of  any  fair  catch.  If  a  fair  catch  be  not  made  the 
ball  shall  go  to  the  opponents  at  the  spot  where  it  first  strikes  the  ground. 

Rule  35.  A  side  which  has  made  a  touch-back  or  a  safety  must  kick  out 
from  not  more  than  25  yards  outside  the  kicker's  goal.  If  the  ball  go  into 
touch  before  striking  a  player  'it  must  be  kicked  out  again ;  and  if  this  oc- 
curs three  times  in  succession  it  shall  be  given  to  opponents  as  in  touch  on 
25-yard  line  on  side  where  it  went  out.  At  kick-out  opponents  must  be  on 
25-yard  line  or  nearer  their  own  goal. 


45 

Rule  36.  The  following  shall  be  the  value  of  each  point  in  the  scoring  : 
Goal  obtained  by  touch-down,  6  ;  goal  from  field  kick,  5  ;  touch-down  fail- 
ing goal,  4 ;  safety  by  opponents,  2. 

FOOT-BALL  AND  THE  ART  OF  WAR.* 

STRATEGY   AXD    GRAND   TACTICS. 

Whether  it  is  to  be  regarded  as  a  calamity  or  as  a  "blessing  in  disguise," 
war  is  the  inevitable  accompaniment  of  all  human  progress  ;  and  it  is  equally 
axiomatic,  from  the  purely  military  stand-point,  that  whatever  be  its  par- 
ticular objects,  those  means  which  promise  their  speediest  attainment  are 
undoubtedly  the  best. 

The  conduct  of  a  war,  however,  is  narrowly  conditioned  by  the  rules 
of  military  science,  the  configurations  of  the  theater  of  operations,  and  the 
relative  resources  of  the  contestants.  ' '  Time ' '  is  the  ruling  element  in 
each  of  these  conditions.  Hence,  precise  plans  and  energetic  action  (all 
of  which  presuppose  thorough  preparation}  will  alone  suffice  to  secure  a 
speedy  and  successful  termination  of  hostilities  ;  it  follows  that,  other  things 
being  equal,  the  primary  effort  of  a  nation  involved  in  war  should  be  to 
secure  the  military  initiative. 

The  war  may  be  offensive,  offenso-defensive,  defenso-offensive,  or  purely 
defensive.  I  have  graded  them  according  to  their  military  advantages. 
The  offensive  principle  is  best,  the  defensive  element  is  historically  weak. 
With  us  a  foreign  war  would  have  to  commence  as  purely  defensive,  in  time 
it  might  become  defenso-offensive,  and,  if  success  crowned  our  efforts,  per- 
haps the  offensive  element  might  at  length  become  the  prominent  one.  But 
whatever  be  the  character  of  the  war,  the  rules  which  will  govern  its  plans 
are  defined  in  strategy,  logistics,  engineering,  and  tactics.  To  define  these 
by  key-words,  I  may  say  :  By  means  of  strategy  we  direct  an  army,  by 
logistics  we  move  it,  by  engineering  we  protect  it,  by  grand  tactics  we  fight 
it,  by  minor  tactics  we  handle  its  several  "arms,"  and  by  elementary  tactics 
we  teach  and  educate  its  personnel. 

Strategy  is  the  science  of  campaigning  ;  its  application  is  the  broad  art 
of  directing  armies  on  the  whole  theater  of  war  ;  its  object  is  decisive  con- 
centration ;  its  theater  is  beyond  the  range  of  projectiles  ;  its  problem  is 
chiefly  a  mental  one  ;  and  its  resources  are  intelligence,  common  sense,  and 
executive  ability.  It  is  concerned  with  the  what,  the  why,  the  when,  and 
the  how  ;  it  is  the  science  of  generals,  as  its  root  implies  ;  it  has  to  consider 
' '  zones  of  war, "  "  objective  "  or  "  strategic  ' '  points,  ' '  lines  of  operation, ' ' 
' '  lines  of  communicatio?i, "  "  lines  of  retreat, "  "  bases  of  operation, ' '  '  'depots 
of  supply"  Sic,  most  of  which  terms  have  been  so  incorporated  into  cur- 

*  Extract  from  Yale  Military  Lectures,  Regular  Course,  Sheffield  Scientific  School. 


46 

rent  literature  that  I  take  it  for  granted  most  Americans  understand  them 
intuitively.     At  any  rate,  a  foot-ball  field  contains  the  whole  of  them. 

The  blue  *  goal  is  our  ' '  primary ' '  base  of  operations  ;  all  others  are 
"secondary"  and  "accidental."  The  "objective"  or  "strategic"  point 
is  the  crimson*  goal.  The  "depot  of  supplies"  is  the  blue*  pavilion,  with 
its  medicine  chest,  supernumeraries,  material,  extras,  &c.  The  ' '  lines  of  com- 
munication ' '  are  the  lateral  lines  taken  by  the  ball  from  snap  back  to  the 
players.  The  "absolute"  line  of  operations  is  from  goal  to  goal.  The 
secondary  line  of  operations  is  from  ball  to  goal.  The  accidental  line 
of  operations  is  determined  by  the  play.  The  three  zones  are  right,  left, 
and  center,  or  else  those  made  by  the  "kick-out"  limits.  The  whole 
theater  is  bounded  by  neutral  territory ;  the  play  is  governed  by  mimic 
rules  of  war,  and  all  its  incidents  are  absolute  counterparts  of  the  deadlier 
game  of  later  years. 

A  good  foot-ball  player  will  make  a  good  soldier,  and  an  able  captain 
of  Yale  will  make  an  abler  captain  for  our  common  Alma  Mater. 

But  to  return  to  our  text :  The  art  of  war — 

Logistics  is  the  science  of  military  movements,  details,  statistics,  orders, 
organization,  transportation,  supply,  installation,  information,  mobilization, 
arrangement,  and  in  general  of  preparation  and  repairs.  It  comprehends 
marches,  railroad  and  water  transportation,  trains,  camps,  cantonments, 
manufacture,  purchase,  distribution  and  supply  of  arms,  materials,  and 
munitions  of  war.  Its  studies  belong  to  the  general  staff.  It  is  the  lieuten- 
ant of  strategy,  and  its  scope  is  coextensive  with  directorship  in  that  it  pro- 
vides the  means.  Its  theater  is  the  actual  territory  involved  in  war,  and 
its  duties  are  active  both  in  peace  and  war. 

Military  engineering  is  the  application  of  the  peaceful  science  to  the  con- 
ditions of  war.  Its  duty  is  to  supplement  logistics,  to  make  rough  ways 
smooth,  and  erect  artificial  obstacles.  The  engineer  has  to  correct  the  map 
upon  the  spot,  and  to  alter  its  topography  by  every  means  at  his  command 
which  will  serve  to  further  the  prosecution  of  the  war. 

Military  tactics  is  the  science  of  military  methods  in  so  far  as  the  fterso?inel 
of  armies  are  concerned.  Its  application  is  the  art  of  teaching,  moving, 
disposing,  and  using  troops.  It  is  divided  into  elementary,  minor,  and 
grand  tactics,  of  which  more  anon. 

Every  war  is  composed  of  mobilizations,  marches,  encampments,  battles, 
sieges,  struggles  with  topography,  and  the  erection  of  defenses.  These 
several  operations  have  to  be  conducted  in  strict  accordance  with  the  prin- 
ciples laid  down  in  the  forementioned  sciences.  I  say  principles  rather 
than  ' '  rules, ' '  because  unforeseen  conditions  are  constantly  modifying  their 
application.     The  art  of  war  may  here  draw  another  illustration  from  your 

*In  this  book  black  lines  are  printed  instead  of  "blue"  and  parallel  lines  instead  of 
"  crimson." 


47 

familiar  champion  game.  Like  it,  the  rules  are  couched  to  suit  "set "  con- 
ditions only ;  examples,  and  experience,  study,  and  coup  <T oeil,  must  sup- 
plement these  on  the  spot. 

Let  us  suppose  for  instance  that  your  next  year's  games  are  to  be  played 
upon  rough  country  instead  of  leveled  ovals,  and  that  each  university  is  to 
select  for  the  other  two,  sight  unseen  until  the  teams  line  up,  some  pur- 
posely difficult  but  not  impracticable  field.  It  is  my  opinion  you  would 
study  the  "art  of  war ' '  in  downright  earnest  ere  the  matches  came  off,  and 
I  doubt  not  you  would  find  therein  much  of  suggestive  value  even  now. 

But  let  me  act  for  Princeton  to-day,  and  take  you  in  imagination  to  such 
a  field  where  we  will  suppose  Yale  must  struggle  with  Harvard. 


48 


HOW   TOPOGRAPHY  AND    "ROUGH  COUNTRY       WOULD    INFLUENCE   FOOT- 
BALL. 


49 

You  will  perceive  at  a  glance  that  while  the  principles  remain  the  same, 
the  conditions  have  been  entirely  altered  by  topography,  and  a  moment's 
additional  consideration  will  convince  you  how  noticeably  similar,  in  all  its 
underlying  principles,  this  game  of  Rugby  ball  is  to  the  rougher  one  of  iron, 
whose  rushers  are  armed  with  deadly  steel,  whose  scrimmages  are  battles, 
whose  fleetest  flankers  are  on  horseback,  and  whose  only  umpire  is  success. 

Returning  now  to  our  subject :  As  soon  as  our  armies  are  ready  to  take 
the  field  we  must  have  determined  the  nature  of  the  war — whether  it  is  to  be 
offensive  or  defensive,  or  of  mixed  description.  The  next  care  will  be  the 
study  of  the  theater  of  war — generally,  politically,  strategically,  critically. 

You  cannot  but  perceive  the  full  import  of  this  topic  now  that  we  have 
secured  so  apt  a  basis  of  illustration.  Conceive  our  foot-ball  plot  to  be  a 
mile  square,  and  now  enlarge  it  one  hundred  thousand  fold,  we  shall  then 
have  about  the  area  of  country  about  Philadelphia  and  Richmond.  Let  our 
river  be  the  Potomac. 

According  to  the  principles  of  strategy,  we  must  now  fix  upon  our  base 
of  operations,  our  lines  of  advance,  or  retreat,  and  communication,  our 
maneuvers,  our  different  objects  before  the  attainment  of  the  main  and 
final  object,  our  lines  of  defense,  our  depots,  and  our  places  of  refuge  in 
case  of  defeat. 

Strategy,  logistics,  and  engineering  will  soon  conduct  us  into  the  pres- 
ence of  the  enemy.  It  is  here,  by  the  principles  of  grand  tactics,  that  we 
learn  how  to  dispose  and  use  our  own  troops  so  as  to  displace  and  destroy 
those  of  the  hostile  army.  Thus  the  prosecution  of  our  strategical  move- 
ments may  force  us  to  overcome  natural  and  artificial  difficulties  which  we 
find  in  our  way,  as,  for  instance,  rivers,  fortifications,  &c.  It  is  then  that 
the  art  of  engineering  finds  employment. 

In  the  meantime,  to  arrive  at  one  point  from  another,  we  must  march  in 
certain  order,  and  be  constantly  provided  with  provisions  and  supplies  ;  here 
logistics  will  determine  our  arrangements. 

There  are  three  great  maxims  common  to  the  whole  science  of  war ;  they 
are — 

i.  Concentrate  your  force,  and  act  with  the  whole  of  it  on  one  part  only 
of  the  enemy's  force. 

2.  Act  against  the  weakest  part  of  your  enemy — his  center,  if  he  is  dis- 
persed ;  his  flank  or  rear,  if  concentrated.  But  if  against  his  communica- 
tions, do  not  endanger  your  own. 

3.  The  plan  once  perfected,  and  the  decision  to  act  upon  it  taken,  act  at 
once  and  with  the  utmost  speed,  in  order  to  attain  the  object  before  the 
enemy  suspects  what  you  are  about. 

Each  theater  of  war,  whatever  be  its  form,  can  be  divided  into  three  zones  : 
Right,  left,  and  center.  A  choice  must  be  made  in  which  of  the  zones  the 
operations  are  to  take  place.  Circumstances  may  be  such  that  one,  two,  or 
even  three  zones  may  be  employed.     In  the  first  case  we  would  have  a 


50 

simple  line,  in  the  two  others  several  lines  of  operation.  The  main  point  is 
to  select  the  zone  in  which  we  can  bring  the  greatest  disaster  to  the  enemy 
with  the  least  risk  to  ourselves. 

If  an  army  is  placed  between  two  hostile  ones  its  position  is  "  central," 
and  its  object  ought  to  be  to  defeat  each  of  them  before  they  can  effect 
a  junction  or  a  combined  attack.  Our  lines  ought  to  be  interior  to  those 
of  the  enemy  ;  that  is,  we  should  choose  them  so  that  we  can  always  unite 
our  divisions  before  the  enemy  can  unite  his.  In  ' '  defensive ' '  operations, 
these  lines  should  converge  to  our  "  line  of  defense  ;"  in  "  offensive  opera- 
tions, ' '  they  ought  to  diverge  so  as  to  separate  the  opposing  forces. 

Finally,  with  reference  to  the  reciprocal  relations  of  our  own  and  our 
enemy's  lines  of  operation,  we  ought,  if  possible,  so  to  engage  him  that 
if  defeated  he  will  lose  his  line  of  retreat ;  that  is,  force  him  to  fight  parallel 
to  his  line  of  operations,  if  it  can  be  done  without  putting  ourselves  into  a 
reciprocal  position.  This  has  resulted  in  famous  victories,  and  is  generally 
practicable  when  we  have  alternate  lines  and  bases,  or  when  we  have  a  suffi- 
cient superiority  to  risk  the  encounter  in  reciprocal  relations. 

The  whole  science  of  strategy  is  based  upon  the  discussion  of  the  par- 
ticular cases  and  the  combinations  of  these  several  fundamental  principles. 

The  function  of  generalship  is,  first,  to  study,  analyze,  and  compare  their 
relative  merits  according  to  the  circumstances  and  in  the  light  of  former 
military  history  ;  next,  to  select  among  them  according  to  cool  judgment ; 
and,  finally,  to  make  history. 

THE  COMBINED  USE  OF  THE  THREE  ARMS.* 

GRAND    OR   BATTLE   TACTICS. 

By  ' '  elementary ' '  tactics  we  understand  the  modus  operandi  of  passing 
from  one  formation  to  another  in  each  of  • '  the  three  arms. ' '  The  books 
relating  to  this  branch  of  military  tactics  are  properly  called' "  drill-books, " 
and  treat  of  the  A-B-C  conditions  of  maneuvering.  They  comprehend 
"manual  exercises,"  target  practice,  ceremonies,  and  methods  of  distribut- 
ing the  ' '  units  "  of  a  common  ' '  arm ' '  with  reference  to  each  other.  There 
is  nothing  "fixed"  about  them,  save  the  "end"  in  view,  which  is  to  keep 
the  means  of  utilizing  an  ' '  arm ' '  to  the  best  advantage,  always  up  to  the 
latest  improvement  in  its  weapons,  the  security  of  simplicity,  and  the  abso- 
lute economy  of  time.  Most  all  nations  have  different  systems  of  element- 
ary tactics.  So,  for  instance,  do  most  athletic  sports.  In  foot-ball  they 
comprehend  all  the  details,  tricks,  and  methods  of  training,  tackling,  kick- 
ing, &c. ,  and  include  the  manual,  and  pedual  of  the  ball  itself.  Graded 
above  this  comes  minor  tactics,  which  is  concerned  with  the  proper  ' '  use ' ' 
of  the  individual  arms  of  the  service.     It  is  essentially  different  for  each 


*  Extract  from  Yale  Military  Lectures,  Regular  Course,  Sheffield  Scientific  School. 


51 

"arm,"  and  is  likewise  subject  to  constant  modification,  although  its  rate 
of  change  is  slower.  The  ' '  end ' '  in  view  is  how  best  to  secure  the  ' '  effective ' ' 
strength  of  the  "arm"  concerned,  with  a  minimum  of  loss  to  itself. 

Hence,  in  solving  the  problems  of  ' '  minor  tactics, ' '  we  have  to  consider 
the  cotinter  effect  of  each  of  the  three  arms,  both  separately  and  combined. 
In  foot-ball  they  cover  the  principles  governing  the  "use"  of  "rushers," 
"runners,"  and  "kickers,"  who  are  the  infantry,  cavalry,  and  artillery 
of  the  ' '  scrimmage. ' '  We  have  already  analyzed  this  branch  of  our  sub- 
ject in  our  separate  studies  of  the  three  arms.  It  now  remains  to  consider 
their  combined  ' '  use ' '  or  grand  tactics,  which  Napoleon  defined  ' '  the  art 
of  being  stronger. ' '  Broadly,  this  is  the  loftiest  region  of  tactics.  It  is 
the  border-land  between  it  and  strategy.  The  object  of  the  latter  is  the 
1 '  conduct  of  a  war, ' '  that  of  the  former  ' '  the  conduct  of  a  battle. ' '  In  their 
last  analysis  the  principles  governing  each  apply  to  both.  The  bond  be- 
tween the  two  is  logistics,  which  is  the  ' '  tactics  of  armies. ' ' 

We  plan  a  war  according  to  the  principles  of  strategy,  and  we  prosecute 
it  according  to  those  of  logistics  ;  when  we  encounter  hostile  opposition 
battles  occur — mere  incidents  in  a  campaign,  and  only  important  when 
decisive,  in  the  furtherance  of  the  strategic  end  in  view.  This  is  fully  rec- 
ognized in  foot-ball — in  a  decisive  scrimmage  you  gain  5  yards  or  more  ; 
failing  this  in  three  successive  "downs"  or  "fairs,"  the  ball  goes  to  the 
opponent  on  the  spot  of  fourth.  However,  even  this  is  better,  in  an  offen- 
sive campaign  on  your  enemy's  territory,  than  in  a  defensive  one  upon  your 
own. 

But  in  battles  as  well  as  scrimmages  "grand  tactics,"  or  "combination," 
is  the  dominant  subject  for  consideration.  (Its  harmony  and  concert  depend 
primarily  upon  the  minor  tactics  of  the  separate  arms.  Its  success  depends 
upon  their  consummate  military  orchestration.  The  manager  of  this  dread- 
ful opera  must  be  fully  conversant  with  artillery  thorough-bass,  exhaust  the 
whole  gamut  of  infantry,  and  add  to  the  general  execution  that  final  brill- 
iancy which  can  alone  be  secured  by  the  dash  and  shock  of  mounted  men. 
We  want  a  ' '  rush-line ' '  as  impenetrable  as  a  massed  battery  of  artillery,  or, 
in  the  offensive,  as  irresistible  as  a  line  of  bayonets,  flaming  with  enthusiasm. 
We  need  brilliant  "quarter-backs,"  or  "flanking  columns"  of  all  arms, 
and  a  reserve  or  full-back,  fresh  to  reap  the  results  of  any  sort  of  victory, 
or  to  prevent  the  ' '  consequences  of  defeat. ' ' ) 

Grand  tactics  includes  the  planning  of  battles,  perfecting  the  preliminary 
arrangements,  conducting  them  during  their  progress,  and  securing  "the 
results  of  victory, ' '  or  avoiding  ' '  the  consequences  of  defeat. ' '  This  is  par 
excellence  the  peculiar  province  of  generals  and  great  captains.  In  it  they 
should  have  exclusive  command;  no  "  committee  upon  the  conduct  of  a 
war"  should  have  any  voice  upon  the  battle-field,  save  at  the  nation's  peril. 
The  sphere  of  such  a  body  begins  and  ends  in  the  international,  intercol- 
legiate, or  advisory  atmosphere.    They  may  assign  the  problem  to  be  solved, 


52 

and  restrict  the  conditions  of  the  equation,  but  having  once  selected  their 
representative,  he  must  be  unhampered.  This  was  Grant's  first  condition 
when  he  accepted  the  command  of  the  Army  of  the  Potomac,  and  it  is  on 
this  account  that  our  Constitution  wisely  places  the  executive  military  au- 
thority in  the  President,  although  we  have  yet  to  see  one  take  the  field  in 
person. 

We  cannot  exhaust  a  topic  such  as  this  in  many  lectures.  Therefore,  all 
that  I  shall  hope  to  accomplish  in  one  is  to  formulate  its  motif,  and  enable 
you  to  obtain  a  fair  idea  of  the  underlying  principles  which  govern  the  suc- 
cessful combination  of  ' '  the  three  arms. ' '  They  are  most  readily  grasped 
by  analysis  and  comparison. 

The  proper  employment  of  an  army,  or  a  foot-ball  team,  is  a  practicable 
sermon  on  the  old  fable  of  ' '  the  body  and  its  members. ' '  They  must  all 
conspire  towards  the  general  end,  and  none  of  them  can  say  unto  any  of  the 
rest  "What  have  I  to  do  with  thee?" 

Man  is  himself  an  army — a  micro-military  organization.  In  desperate 
jeopardy  of  life  and  limb,  the  brain  is  general,  the  lungs  and  belly  are  his 
staff  departments,  his  heart  gives  him  morale,  his  senses  are  his  cavalry, 
his  artillery  or  projectile  force  resides  in  his  arms,  his  legs  are  his  infantry, 
and  his  bayonets  are  his  fists.  By  selection,  special  training,  and  separation 
into  skilled  groups,  these  human  elements,  armed  with  appropriate  acces- 
sories, make  up  the  macrocosm  which  we  term  an  army.  Artillery  forms 
the  skeleton  of  the  "line  of  battle,"  infantry  fills  up  and  clothes  the  frame 
with  strength  of  flesh  and  blood  and  muscle,  cavalry  lends  nervous  force 
and  energy,  and  leadership  gives  it  brains  and  enables  it  to  act  with  intelli- 
gence. 

Cavalry  has  been  called  "  the  eyes  and  ears  of  an  army,"  infantry  is  the 
sovereign  of  the  field,  and  artillery  is  her  herald. 

In  infantry  and  cavalry,  other  things  being  equal,  it  is  the  number  of  in- 
dividuals that  gives  strength  ;  in  artillery  it  is  the  number  of  guns.  In  the 
matter  of  foot-ball  the  comparison  does  not  fail,  although  it  is  apparently 
concealed  in  the  ' '  elevens  ' '  or  teams  of  equal  numbers.  The  comparison 
of  any  two  college  teams  will  at  once  decide  their  relative  strength  in  ' '  the 
three  arms,"  and,  back  of  all  this,  stands  the  general  strength  of  the  uni- 
versity itself  of  which  the  team  is  the  athletic  "'leven." 

Cavalry  is  essentially  an  offensive  arm,  and  has  little  defensive  power  ; 
it  has  no  passive  strength  at  all.  This  is  particularly  the  case  of  "  heavy  " 
cavalry,  or  "cavalry  of  the  line  of  battle."  Shock  is  its  weapon  and  speed 
its  projectile  force.  Whether  attacking  or  attacked,  it  must  ride  and  ride 
hard  to  meet  the  brunt — so  must  the  runner  who  has  got  the  ball.  ' '  Light ' ' 
cavalry,  however,  is  armed  with  a  fire-arm,  and  has  a  certain  degree  of  this 
defenso-offenswe  force,  but  as  it  is  almost  useless  upon  horseback,  at  a  dis- 
tance we  may  ignore  it.  But  in  ' '  mounted  infantry ' '  we  find  the  link 
uniting  the  two  most  important  ' '  arms  ;' '   it  can  act  by  shock,  or  by  distant 


53 

fire,  or  by  both,  and  this  either  offensively  or  defensively.  As  you  will 
recall,  we  have  already  pointed  out  that  the  modern  tendency  of  "  the  three 
arms  "  is  "  all  of  them  to  ride  upon  horses. ' '  This  is  but  the  statement 
of  a  foot-ball  platitude  ;  for  other  things  being  equal,  a  "strong  team"  is  a 
' '  mounted  ' '  team — an  ' '  all  round ' '  team  of  solid  general  players. 

Artillery  is  mainly  a  defensive  and  destructive  arm.  It  is  most  effective 
in  masses,  and  as  they  grow  its  gains  in  offensive  power.  It  is  the  bulwark 
of  battle,  aricl  must  never  yield  an  inch  when  on  the  defensive.  It  is  also 
an  essential  part  of  the  offensive's  rush-line,  where  it  must  gain  every  inch 
possible.  For  although  its  chief  sphere  of  action  is  the  distant  or  indirect 
combat,  and  it  can  hardly  be  said  to  charge  as  did  the  ancient  chariots, 
nevertheless  it  does  rush  to  the  distant  front,  and  ' '  line  up  "  at  the  very 
dawn  of  combat,  and  in  modern  days  it  must  go  forward  into  the  gap  made 
by  its  own  projectiles,  and  carry  the  ball  with  it.  But  when  ' '  limbered  up  ' ' 
artillery  is  powerless  to  "tackle,"  and  when  maneuvering  under  fire  its 
status  is  "off-side,"  and  more  critical  than  any  other  "arm."  Finally, 
artillery  must  face  the  enemy ;  it  has  no  flank  defense,  if  you  box  its  ears 
you  paralyze  it. 

In  infantry  we  have  an  ideal  "arm."  It  has  the  power  of  keeping  an 
enemy  at  a  distance  by  its  fire,  or  of  seeking  him  at  close  quarters  and  driv- 
ing him  from  his  position  by  the  bayonet.  Thus  it  is  both  an  offensive  and 
a  defensive  "arm,"  and  this  in  every  sense,  for  it  can  fight  both  offensively 
and  defensively  by  its  fire,  and  be  employed  both  offensively  and  defensively 
in  the  charge.  Its  most  natural  use  is  the  utilization  of  each  of  these  char- 
acteristics. Offensively  we  advance  our  infantry,  open  its  fire,  concentrate 
it,  and  push  it  to  the  bayonet.  Defensively  we  wait  for  the  onset,  check  it 
with  lead,  and  finally  advance  to  meet  it  with  cold  steel. 

The  strength  of  a  chain  is  located  in  its  weakest  link,  and  the  rapidity 
of  an  army  is  limited  by  the  rate  of  its  slowest  "  arm."  In  all  strategic 
and  grand  tactical  combinations,  therefore,  in  which  concentration  depends 
upon  time  elements,  the  essential  characteristics  that  govern  the  individual 
movements  of  ' '  the  three  arms  ' '  must  be  carefully  balanced  and  harmon- 
ized. The  key  to  this  combination  of  -movement  is  the  recollection  that  an 
army  advances  on  foot,  on  horseback,  and  on  wheels.  The  relative  rates 
of  these  methods  must  be  adjusted  to  the  common  object,  "decisive  con- 
centration at  the  opportune  moment." 

As  a  general  rule,  infantry  sets  the  pace,  and  the  other  ' '  arms  ' '  are  de- 
layed for  its  sake.  But  in  long  and  arduous  undertakings  the  case  is  re- 
versed, and  infantry,  which  has  the  maximum  of  "  staying  power,"  is  more 
or  less  delayed  for  the  sake  of  the  remaining  ' '  arms. ' '  The  object  of  a  com- 
bined march  is  to  reach  the  "strategic  point"  together  and  act  unitedly. 
Over  and  above  the  relative  consideration  of  foot,  horseback,  and  wheels, 
we  must  never  forget  to  add  25  to  30  per  cent,  to  map  distances,  in  order 
•to  allow  for  sinuosities  of  the  route  not  expressed  upon  the  map. 


54 

In  successive  battle-field  action,  rates  and  commencement  of  movement 
are  regulated  by  orders,  but  generally  depend  upon  ocular  testimony  as  to 
the  moment  of  initiation.  For  instance,  infantry  having  struggled  to  the 
final  zone,  knows  intuitively  when  to  charge,  by  noticing  the  success  of  ar- 
tillery preparation,  and  cavalry  knows  when  to  pursue  by  noticing  the  suc- 
cess of  infantry.  In  the  broader  domain  of  campaigning  and  running 
into  grand  tactics  at  the  threshold  of  the  battle-field,  the  various  columns, 
armies,  and  "  arms  "  must  adhere  strictly  to  literal  orders  calculated  upon 
approved  tables  of  statistics  and  logistics. 

Mixed  troops  move  en  ro7ite  about  2  miles  an  hour  ;  they  can  accomplish 
3  if  "  pressed, ' '  and  for  a  limited  time  5  if  "  forced. "  In  a  day  about  the 
following  distances  can  be  counted  upon  :  Route  march,  12  to  15  miles  ; 
rapid  march,  18  to  20  miles  ;  and  forced  march,  25  to  30  miles.  Excep- 
tions do  not  prove  the  rule  in  this  case,  for  it  is  one  thing  to  push  forward 
to  the  assistance  of  troops  already  in  action,  and  quite  a  different  and  a 
dangerous  one  to  outstrip  companion  arms  in  drumming  up  the  foe. 

Separately,  infantry  makes  about  60  yards  a  minute.  Work  this  up  on 
the  old  arithmetical  table  of  ' '  time, ' '  and  you  have  a  fair  basis  of  estimate. 
It  may  rise  easily  to  90  yards,  and  spurt  for  a  minute  or  so,  perhaps,  at 
120.  It  can  charge  for  about  180  yards.  Its  relative  rates  are  about  as  1, 
2,  and  3  upon  the  yard-second  basis.  Its  ordinary  marching  rates  are 
"route,"  "rapid,"  and  "forced,"  and  may  be  graded^;'  hour  as  2,  3, 
and  4  miles  ;  per  day  as  12,  24,  and  36  miles. 

As  a  fundamental  basis  of  combination,  you  may  rank  cavalry  rates  as 
double  that  of  infantry.  Per  minute,  120  yards,  360  yards,  and  720  yards  ; 
per  hour,  3  miles,  6  miles,  and  10  miles  ;  per  day,  10,  25,  and  40  miles. 

Artillery  partakes  of  the  time  characteristics  of  the  other  two  ' '  arms ' '  ac- 
cording as  it  is  horse  (or  light)  or  foot  (or,  by  a  military  ' '  bull, "  "  mounted ' ' ). 
Its  rates,  which  you  may  therefore  combine  in  pairs,  are :  Per  minute,  60, 
120,  and  360  (700,  charge)  yards;  per  hour,  3,  6,  and  12  miles;  and^ter 
day,  12,  24,  and  36  miles. 

Heavy  or  siege  artillery  is  strictly  in  the  "train,"  and  follows  an  army. 
So  do  pontoons,  except  equipage  of  the  light  or  advanced  guard  descriptions. 

Of  course  an  army  cannot,  safely,  be  many  days  in  advance  of  its  trains  ; 
these  are  its  real  impedimenta.  Nevertheless,  we  are  far  more  independent 
than  former  generations  in  this  respect,  and  may  almost  carry  our  logistics 
"canned."  Generally  speaking,  the  strength  of  an  army  depends  upon  its 
numbers,  the  relative  proportions  of  its  arms,  the  confidence  of  the  troops 
in  their  leaders,  and  the  characteristics  of  the  men  who  compose  it ;  i.  e. ,  their 
morals,  discipline,  preparation  or  training,  weapons  and  organization. 

In  treating  of  "the  three  arms"  separately  we  have  already  considered 
their  proportions  in  an  army.  These,  however,  vary  much  in  different  na- 
tions, and  within  the  same  nation  may  change  from  their  maxima  to  their 
minima  according  to  the  nature,  warning,  length,  and  object  of  the  war  ; 


oo 


the  armament  of  the  opposing  belligerent ;  and,  particularly,  with  the  char- 
acter of  the  country  in  which  the  war  is  to  take  place.  Within  all  these 
conditions  it  thus  becomes  one  of  the  principal  studies  of  generalship  to 
select  such  ground  for  campaigns  and  battles  as  will  enable  the  best  use  to 
be  made  of  that  arm  in  which  we  find  ourselves  superior,  or  in  which 
a  deficient  "arm"  can  best  be  spared.  When  the  normal  proportions 
are  present — based  upon  a  ' '  combined  unit, ' '  which  we  may  consider  as  i 
brigade  of  infantry  (4,000),  1  regiment  of  cavalry  (1,000),  and  1  battalion 
of  artillery  (18  to  24  guns) — the  field  of  battle  will  determine  their  most  judi- 
cious distribution.  The  topography  must  be  occupied  with  special  regard 
to  the  tactical  requirements  of  each  ' '  arm. ' '  In  this  respect  infantry  is  the 
most  independent  of  the  "arms."  It  can  surmount,  in  advance  or  retreat, 
any  difficulty  which  the  roads  or  configuration  of  the  country  may  oppose. 
It  can  fight  on  every  description  of  terrain,  and  can  make  use  of  all  sorts 
of  cover,  or  do  without  any. 

Relatively  speaking,  mountainous  country  is  impracticable  for  cavalry  and 
difficult  for  artillery.  In  such  regions  infantry  increases  in  relative  value.  But 
determination  can  conquer  all  obstacles.  Hannibal  led  his  elephants  across 
the  Alps  and  Napoleon  drew  his  artillery  across  them.  Grant  put  cannon  in  a 
church  steeple. 

Generally  speaking,  too  small  a  quantity  of  artillery  is  dangerous.  We 
must  at  least  have  enough  to  occupy  and  neutralize  the  hostile  batteries. 
Above  this,  every  extra  gun  is  an  element  of  preponderance,  and  counts 
heavily  in  the  ' '  chances  of  success. ' '  Per  converse,  with  too  little  artillery, 
our  own  infantry  will  be  too  much  exposed  to  the  combined  fire  of  hostile 
infantry  and  artillery,  and  demoralization  is  almost  certain.  The  moral 
power  of  artillery  is  not  the  least  element  of  its  strength  upon  the  field 
of  battle,  and,  with  new  troops,  a  strong  display  of  this  ' '  arm  "  is  a  great 
advantage.  Too  small  a  proportion  of  cavalry  restricts  us  into  narrow 
limits,  prevents  thorough  reconnoissance,  which  is  half  the  battle,  and  de- 
prives us  of  the  only  means  of  turning  a  defeated  enemy  into  a  routed  one. 

So  far  as  battle  is  concerned,  large  plains  are  best  suited  for  the  action 
of  masses  of  cavalry  and  artillery,  hilly  country  for  light  artillery  and 
mounted  infantry,  and  covered  ground  for  infantry  and  sharpshooters. 
Thus,  although  topographical  considerations  are  not  the  final  determinants 
in  the  problem  of  grand  tactics,  they  afford  constant  opportunities  and 
necessities  for  modifying  the  combined  use  of  the  three  arms.  Their  im- 
portance vastly  increases  in  defensive  operations,  and  the  fundamental  prin- 
ciple to  be  observed  is  so  to  occupy  a  position  as  to  make  the  zone  of  attack 
difficult,  and  that  of  the  counter  attack  practicable.  Engineering,  in  its  ele- 
mentary features,  comes  into  play  here  as  a  valuable  adjunct  to  grand  tactics, 
and  is  concerned  particularly  in  the  erection  and  demolition  of  obstacles. 
Upon  the  battle-field  every  soldier  now-a-days  is  an  engineer,  and  his  in- 
separable weapon  is  the  spade.     All  of  these  things  being  duly  correlated 


56 

and  fixed,  "the  battle,"  as  the  ancients  called  the  whole  array,  is  set  in 
order,  and  the  combat  may  now  open. 

Artillery  prepares  the  victory,  infantry  achieves  it,  and  cavalry  completes 
and  secures  its  fruits. 

Infantry  and  artillery  are  pre-eminently  "sister  arms  ;"  they  work  in  con- 
cert throughout  an  action.     Cavalry  is  more  of  an  occasional  arm. 

As  infantry  follows  up  the  advantage  gained  by  artillery,  it  is  called  its 
^complementary"  arm.  For  a  similar  reason  cavalry  is  the  complementary 
arm  of  infantry.  Let  me  illustrate  this  complementary  use  of  the  three  arms 
by  a  working  diagram,  in  which  they  are  severally  arranged,  at  the  vertices 
of  an  equilateral  triangle,  inscribed  in  a  circle. 


COMPLEMENTARY    ARMS. 

From  this  figure  you  may  tell  at  a  glance  which  ' '  arm ' '  is  complement- 
arv  to  the  others.  Wind  it  up  and  let  the  hand  go  as  in  a  watch,  it  will 
point  to  an  "arm"  first,  and  then  its  complements,  one  after  the  other. 

In  campaigning  we  start  with  cavalry,  which  must  find  the  enemy,  and 
end  with  cavalry,  which  must  rout  him  when  defeated.  In  battle  we  start 
with  artillery,  which  must  challenge  the  foe  to  mortal  combat,  and  end  with 
artillery,  which  must  hold  the  field  when  won.  The  order  of  precedence 
runs  with  the  figures. 

The  conditions  of  modern  warfare  require  that  an  attack  by  one  arm  shall 
be  supported  by  another.  This  support  may  complement,  i.  e. ,  succeed,  or 
else  be  contemporaneous  therewith.  In  the  first  case  we  have  the  full  re- 
alization of  the  arrangement  in  the  diagram  ;  in  the  second  case  the  com- 
plementary action  is  in  effect  the  same.  For  instance,  from  our  previous 
study  it  is  clear  that  an  attack  with  artillery  alone  would  be  resultless,  hence 
we  complement  it  with  infantry,  but  the  general  onset  is  so  ordered  as  not  to 
anticipate  the  full  work  of  artillery  preparation.  In  the  mean  time  it  is  a 
settled  principle  that  cavalry  should  always  support  an  attack  upon  the 


57 

enemy's  front.  This  forces  our  cavalry  to  the  flank,  so  as  to  descend  thereon 
with  or  after  the  infantry.  It  is  even  held  that  a  combination  of  infantry 
and  cavalry  ought  to  succeed  against  a  superior  force  of  infantry.  The 
attack  must  dispose  itself  upon  similar  principles,  i.  e. ,  the  infantry  making 
the  main  or  front  attack,  while  the  cavalry  comes  in,  opportunely,  upon  the 
flank. 

To  defeat  good  infantry  in  a  fair  position,  a  combination  of  artillery  and 
infantry  is  now  regarded  as  an  absolute  necessity.  The  artillery  plays  the 
usual  role  of  .preparing  the  attack,  and  the  advancing  infantry  closes  at  the 
decisive  moment.  The  principles  of  complementary  action  come  out  still 
more  plainly  when  we  consider  the  case  of  mounted  troops.  Experience 
proves  that  cavalry  charges  are  indecisive  (except  cavalry  against  cavalry) 
unless  supported  by  infantry.  Thus  Napoleon's  cavalry  at  Waterloo  failed 
for  want  of  this  support.  The  Prussian  cavalry  at  Vionville  failed  for  a  sim- 
ilar reason.  At  Austerlitz  Kellerman's  cavalry  was  defeated  by  the  Russian 
horse,  but  it  rallied  between  the  lines  of  friendly  infantry,  and,  after  the  latter 
had  disordered  the  Russians,  Kellerman  sallied  out  again  and  routed  them. 
Nevertheless,  while  good  infantry  is  thus  supposed  to  be  superior  to  cavalry 
alone,  and  under  all  circumstances,  still  cavalry  combined  with  sufficient  ar- 
tillery, instead  of  infantry,  has  a  fair  chance  of  success.  The  principle 
of  complementary  action  still  holds  ;  that  is,  the  cavalry  is  to  maneuver  on 
the  flanks  and  line  of  retreat,  and  by  threatening  a  charge,  force  the  infantry 
into  squares,  columns,  maneuvers,  or  confusion.  The  artillery  now  increases 
its  primary  efforts  and  plays  upon  these,  and  when  broken  and  demoralized 
the  cavalry  is  to  charge.  Where  two  arms  are  alone  considered  they  are 
complements  to  each,  other  in  succession,  but  the  main  idea  shown  in  the 
diagram  dominates. 

But  these  are  all  special  cases.  The  fundamental  facts  are  properly  fixed 
when  we  bear  in  mind  that  both  cavalry  and  artillery  are  ' '  secondary ' ' 
arms,  and  that  infantry  alone  is  the  sovereign  fighting  one.  The  best  re- 
sults can  alone  be  obtained  when  the  two  are  fully  subordinated  to  the  action 
of  the  latter.  In  general  engagements  this  subordination  becomes  more 
and  more  necessary,  while  in  simple  combats,  where  only  one  or  two  "arms" 
are  involved,  this  precedence  must  be  settled  by  the  complementary  character 
of  the  ' '  effects  ' '  which  they  produce. 

You  may  perhaps  apply  this  idea  of  complementary  action  to  the  grand 
tactics  of  the  foot-ball  field,  as  between  its  rushers,  runners,  and  kickers, 
and  from  the  study  of  the  whole  subject  solve  not  a  few  common  problems. 
The  fact  is,  I  believe  it  will  pay  your  captains  to  familiarize  themselves  with 
military  strategy  and  tactics,  pure  and  simple  ;  these  games  are  as  near 
alike  as  the  pastimes  of  peace  and  war  can  possibly  become,  and  they 
mutually  illustrate  each  other.  At  any  rate,  right  sure  am  I,  that,  whether 
the  study  of  the  art  of  war  will  shed  light  or  not,  upon  that  of  foot-ball,  the 


58 

experience  gained  in  the  latter  is  the  very  best  school  there  is  preparatory 
to  the  intellectual  part  of  the  former. 

FOOT-BALL  AND  THE  BATTLE-FIELD.* 

MILITARY  GEOMETRY,  OR  THE  TWELVE  ORDERS  OF  BATTLE  ILLUSTRATED. 

If  an  army  were  always  drawn  up  in  the  same  manner  it  would  certainly 
be  defeated  by  another  whose  positions  were  changed  to  suit  varying  cir- 
cumstances. There  is  no  invariable  order  of  battle,  it  will  always  depend 
upon  the  locality  ;  that  is,  principally  upon  topography.  Victories  are  only 
decisive  when  an  enemy  is  "turned"  or  "broken;"  hence  the  selection 
of  the  points  of  attack  is  of  primary  importance,  the  ' '  order ' '  of  battle,  and 
its  particular  plan,  being  secondary,  or  an  after  consideration. 

%z  %■  ^  ^  >£ 

An  ' '  order ' '  of  battle  differs  from  a  ' '  line ' '  of  battle.  The  latter  term 
signifies  some  habitual  system  in  which  the  ' '  units ' '  are  tactically  drawn 
up  and  is  entirely  subordinate  to  the  broader  questions  of  battle  maneuver. 
There  are  generally  two  or  more  "lines"  of  battle  properly  so-called,  but 
only  one  "order."  Thus  a  foot-ball  team  is  "lined  up"  in  an  ''order" 
of  battle — the  "rushers"  are  the  first  "line"  of  battle,  the  "half  backs" 
are  a  second,  the  ' '  full  back  "  is  a  "  reserve ' '  or  third  line.  These  are  all 
' '  elements ' '  of  the  belt  or  zone  of  action,  which  stretches  from  one  flank 
of  an  army  to  the  other. 

Military  writers  lay  down  twelve  distinct  ' '  orders ' '  of  battle,  the  study 
of  which  may  be  of  double  interest  to  you  as  still  further  illustrative  of  foot- 
ball ' '  grand  tactics. ' ' 

*1?  ^t?  *$<£  *&  *i* 

■T*  •T*  *T*  *T*  *j^ 

i.    The  simple  parallel  order. 

—  In  this  order  there  is  no  particular  rein- 

, , ,,n„, I, ii mi,, mmiiibmm        forcement  on  any  point.     The  whole  force 

is  drawn  up  equally  along  the  front,  and 
_^~^~~~~~~~~~  where  both  parties  resort  to  it  no  partic- 

ular tactical  skill  is  required   by   either, 
o  o  There  is  no  science  in  it,  and  a  victory  is 

oooooooa  complete   success,   or  a  defeat  equally 
•       ••••••     decisive.     Other  things  being  equal,   the 

#         •         9  "  chances ' '  are  equal,  the  battle  long,  wa- 

*  vering,  indecisive,  until  at  length  it  is  de- 

cided by  mere  physical  strength  and  moral  endurance.     Strictly  speaking, 

*  Extract  from  Yale  Military  Lectures.  Course  before  the  Sheffield  Scientific  School. 
Class  of  '90  and  '91.  For  authorities  vide  Mercur,  Hauiley,  Halleck,  Dufour,  Schalk, 
&c,  to  whom  liberal  credit  is  given. — C.  A.  L.  T. 


59 

this  ' '  order ' '  can  rarely  occur,  and  even  upon  die  foot-ball  ground,  where 
it  is  exactly  depicted,  the  semblance  is  misleading. 

The  simple  parallel  ' '  order, ' '  in  its  absolute,  logical,  and  final  analysis, 
requires  that  the  two  contestants  shall  not  only  be  equally  strong,  all  along 
the  line,  but  shall  be  disposed  in  straight  parallel  contrast.  That  is,  there  is 
no  contrast.  No  two  college  teams  ever  met  upon  such  a  basis,  and  cer- 
tainly no  two  armies,  even  in  ancient  days,  have  thus  joined  battle. 

Coming  back,  however,  to  the  simple  matter  of  straight  lines,  and  par- 
allelism, most  ancient  armies  used  this  ' '  order, ' '  and  it  gives  us  the  primi- 
tive method  of  the  "art  of  war."     It  is  apparently  your  foot-ball  method. 

From  the  military  stand-point,  the  victory  belongs  at  the  outset  to  the 
stronger  party.  Hence  a  positive  superiority  in  "arms"  and  "troops," 
man  to  man,  may  excuse  the  semblance  of  its  employment  upon  modern 
fields.  Topography  requires  for  such  an  order  a  broad,  unvaried  terrain, 
or  else  an  absolute  pairing  off  of  advantages.  It  is  generally  considered  to 
be  the  worst  possible  disposition,  and  so  it  is  within  the  limitations  and  con- 
ditions we  have  enumerated.  It  is  clear  that  you  cannot  outflank  your 
enemy  without  being  outflanked  yourself,  &c. 

There  is  one  occasion,  however,  where  a  straight  line  of  solid  strength 
may  be  advantageously  adopted,  and  when  perhaps  it  will  be  obligatory. 
That  is  after  we  have  gained  the  strategical  victory,  and  are  already  in  the 
enemy's  military  rear,  cutting  off  his  line  of  retreat,  and  either  protecting 
our  own,  or  having  an  alternate  line  of  resort.  We  might  then  have  no 
reason  to  reinforce  any  one  part.  But  in  such  a  case  we  would  be  obliged 
to  have  very  strong  reserves,  and  they  would  really  represent  a  reinforce- 
ment of  the  center,  or  of  the  point  threatened  by  the  enemy.  It  is  to  be 
noted  here  that  the  principle  remains  the  same,  and  that  the  decisive  ma- 
neuver has  been  effected  before  the  battle. 

Two  foot-ball  teams  "lined  up"  just  before  a  scrimmage  (the  ball  not 

having  been  put  into  play)  illustrate  the 
geometry  of  this  order,  as  shown  by  the 
figure  ;  but  in  the  very  instant  succeeding 
the  ' '  snap  back ' '  the  whole  matter  alters, 
9         •         0  and,  according  to  whatever  preconcerted 

plan  may  have  been  adopted,  any  one  of  the 
higher  ' '  orders ' '  of  battle  may  result. 

The  transition  period  is  governed  by  strategem — you  call  it  "trick" — 
and  in  the  next  your  real  order  of  battle  develops,  both  for  the  offensive 
who  have  the  ball  and  for  the  defensive  who  have  not.  This  leads  me  to 
the  important  fact  that  a  battle  may  witness  a  transition  from  the  original 
' '  order ' '  to  another,  and  that  this  latter  may  be  a  very  essential  feature 
of  the  plan. 

For  instance,  you  ' '  back  the  center. ' '  This  gives  us  an  example  of  the 
parallel  order  reinforced  in  the  center.     Or  you  attempt  to  run  around  the 


o 

o 
o 

o 

o 

o 

o 

o 

o 

o 

© 

• 

9 

• 

• 

• 

60 

end ;  to  do  it  you  reinforce  your  own  end  by  both  half  backs  and  send 
the  full  back  around  with  the  ball.  This  is  the  parallel  reinforced  on  the 
flank. 


OOqOOOO 

o  o 

BUCKING  THE  LINE. 


Or?°0000 


o„yo 


RUNNING  ABOUND  THE  END. 


Here  we  have  it  in  a  military  diagram.     The  battle  begins,  A  moves  to 
A',  and  the  battle  ends,  for  B  must  retreat : 


® 


i/imw^ 


2.   Parallel  order  with  a  crotchet. 

This  is  a  good  ' '  order ' '  under  favorable 

topographical  conditions.     The  figures  show 

m^mmmm  the  three  cases.     It  is  sometimes  used  in 

the  defensive,   sometimes  in  the  offensive, 

and  sometimes  by  both.     The  fact  is,  an 

I      original  defensive  "order"  with  a  crotchet 

tends  to  beget  a  corresponding  offensive  one, 

and  vice  versa.     The  order  does  not  obtain 

in  a  foot-ball  "line  up,"  but  its  similitude 

may  result  when,  the  ball  being  "in  play," 

an  effort  is  made  to  send  it  around  by  the  flank,  and  at  the  same  time  the 

right  ' '  end ' '  can  effect  an  offensive  crotchet.     In  operation  this  is  in  effect 

a  ' '  turning ' '  or  out-flanking  movement. 


(a) 


(b) 


(c) 


61 

The  crotchet  necessitates  an  "elbow"  to  the  defense,  and  the  "offering 
of  a  flank"  or,  really,  "  a  perpendicular  "  by  the  assailant.  These  are  dan- 
gerous in  battle.  They  are  exposed  to  an 
effective  concentration  of  fire.  If  the  two 
branches  are  equal,  the  defensive  line  be- 
comes the  ' '  wedge ' '  order,  but  of  a  negative 
character,  and  the  offensive  the  "inverted 
wedge. ' '  The  ' '  wedge ' '  is  essentially,  how- 
ever, an  offensive  order,  as  an  army  would 
only  adopt  this  formation  with  the  intention 
of  making  an  attack  to  pierce  the  opposing  line.  In  the  defense  it  is  re- 
sorted to  in  order  to  prevent  a  flank  from  being  enveloped.  The  same  may 
be  said  of  the  "inverted  wedge,"  but  in  a  contrary  sense.  As  this  order 
would  be  used  when  we  wished  to  yield  in  the  center  to  an  enemy  advanc- 
ing thereon,  in  order  to  envelop  his  wings,  it  is  a  defenso-offensive  order  : 
the  crotchet  to  the  front  being  offensive. 

Examples :  Malplaquet  and  Nordlingen  are  examples  of  simple  crotchets. 
Prague  is  a  famous  example  of  the  danger  of  a  defensive  crotchet  if  prop- 
erly attacked.  Kolin  is  an  example.  At  Waterloo  Wellington  had  a  re- 
tired crotchet  on  his  right  flank,  and,  so  far  as  parallelism  went,  Napoleon 
countered  it  by  throwing  a  crotchet  forward  on  his  left  flank. 

History  describes  a  famous  ancient  example  where  two  armies  were 
formed,  the  one  like  a  "wedge"  and  the  other  as  an  "inverted  wedge." 
It  was  the  battle  of  Caslin,  fought  in  533  A.  D.,  between  the  Franks  and 
Romans,  near  Capua.  The  Franks  were  drawn  up  between  two  woods. 
They  reinforced  their  centre  and  formed  a  real  ' '  wedge. ' '  The  Romans 
were  less  numerous  and  adopted  an  order  of  less  depth  but  more  extended, 
forming  an  ' '  inverted  wedge. ' '  They  gave  ground  in  the  center  and  made 
their  principal  attack  against  the  wings  of  the  Franks.  The  Roman  cav- 
alry, in  the  meantime,  attacked  the  Franks 
r\r\  m  rear  by  passing  around  one  of  the  woods. 

Q     Q  The  front  of  the  Frank  wedge  continued  to 

OOO  advance,  reached  the  Roman  camp,  and  be- 

O      I      O  came  involved  in  pillage,  which  led  to  their 

^  U  defeat.      The  victory  of  the   Romans  was 

complete. 
You  will  recognize  the  "order"  at  once,  as  it  is  a  familiar  one  upon  the 
"oval." 


62 

j.    The  parallel  order. —  Wing  reinforced. 

This  order  is  in  accord  with  correct  prin- 
ciples, and  may  in  certain  cases  secure  the 
victory.  But  it  has  many  inconveniences 
where  the  contestants  are  about  equal,  as 
the  weakened  part,  being  too  near  the 
enemy,  may  become  seriously  engaged  and 
runs  a  risk  of  being  defeated,  and  thus 
counterbalancing  the  success  of  the  stronger 
part.  Moreover  the  stronger  part  may  not 
be  able  to  profit  by  its  success,  and  take 
the  hostile  line  in  flank  or  rear  without  en- 
dangering its  co?i?iection  with  the  rest  of  the 
line. 

Therefore  it  may  be  laid  down  as  a  prin- 
0         °  ciple  that  when  two  parties  are  about  equal 

o       o       o       o     and  either  one  weakens  a  part  of  his  line 
to  reinforce  his  wing,  he  will  compromise 


©•^  his  own  safety  if  the  rest  of  his  line  is  placed 

parallel  to  the  enemy.  Napoleon  saw  this 
error  at  Austerlitz  in  time  to  take  deadly  advantage  of  it.  He  made  many 
personal  reconnoissances,  and  always  to  good  effect. 

However,  in  foot-ball  the  forces  are  always  numerically  equal,  and  this 
' '  order ' '  only  obtains  when  a  strong  line  has  its  heaviest  men  upon  the 
flank  or  end,  with  a  view  to  rushing  with  it,  while  the  ball  is  sent  around 
the  same  way. 

^A*  *J*  >I?  ^4*  *£? 

^+  ^*  ^h  ^y*  rfj^ 

4..    The  parallel  order. — Center  reinforced. 

(a)  The  same  remarks  apply  as  in  the  pre- 

ceding order.     It  is  generally  in  accord 
with  correct  principles,  but  when  the  con- 
testants are  about  equal,  the  weaker  parts 
(&)  are  too  near.    When,  however,  either  party 

is  superior  in  numbers,  it  may  be  advanta- 

geously  employed.     In  foot-ball  we  find  it 

when  heavy  men  are  placed  in  the  center 
0        °         0  and  when  "the  wedge"  is  to  be  resorted 

to.     Thus,  while  the  simple  parallel  order 
ooooooo,  1  •      •       1  1     #•  1 

•       •     A    A    A     •       •         s  many  objectionable  ieatures,  the  retn- 

0  forced  parallel  orders  compensate  for  them, 

**  more  or  less. 

%  -j?.  %.  %.  % 


63 


illiiPiifa 


Sf/HPI 


12.    Combined  order  of  battle. — Attack  on  center  and  one  flank. 

.  This  is  the  best  and  most  reason- 

able method  of  attacking-  a  strong 
and  contiguous  line  of  battle.  It  was 
successfully  employed  by  Napoleon 
at  Wagram  and  Ligny,  and  was  par- 
tially successful  at  Borodino.  It  was 
also  Napoleon's  plan  at  Waterloo, 
where  he  was  eventually  defeated  by 
fate  and  strategic  circumstances. 

Of  course,  its  adoption  presupposes 
a  very  decided  superiority  in  num- 
bers for  the  assailant.  This  condi- 
tion, however,  is  almost  a  necessity 
of  successful  modern  warfare,  since 
defensive  dispositions  due  to  topog- 
raphy, and  hasty  intrenchments, 
render  the  attack  of  a  force  by  an 
■"'■"'  equal   one   almost   hopeless   in  the 

face  of  modern  arms. 

The  attack  upon  the  center,  aided  by  a  wing  reinforced  so  as  ultimately 

to  outflank  the  enemy,  prevents  the  defense  from  falling  upon  the  assailant 

and  taking  him  reciprocally  in  flank,  for  the  enemy's  wing,  which  is  hemmed 

in  between  the  two  attacks,  having  to  contend  with  nearly  the  entire  opposing 

force,  will  be  defeated  and  probably 
O  destroyed.     The  remaining  wing  is 

at  the  same  time  effectually  "held." 
In  foot-ball  this  order  is  represented 
by  strong,  heavy  rushers  along  the 
line  from  center  to  flank,  into  which 
the  "half"  and  "full"  backs  rush. 
It  enables  a  flank  "wedge"  to  be 
formed,  and  the  ball  to  go  with  it, 
or  else,  better,  to  escape  in  due  time 
around  the  flank  and  seek  the  goal ; 
or,  finally,  it  successfully  ' ( holds ' '  the  selected  flank  while  the  ball  is  being 
carried  around  it. 

It  is  manifest  that  both  in  war  and  foot-ball  the  offensive  motif,  which 
leads  to  a  "plan"  or  "order"  of  battle,  depends  considerably  upon  the 
zone  of  the  field  in  which  the  teams  "line  up."  In  war  we  may  dispose 
our  teams  anew  in  each  battle.  I  don't  think  you  do  in  foot-ball.  It  might 
be  advantageous  to  "lineup"  differently  upon  each  rush-line.  It  would 
certainly  confuse  the  opponents,  and  with  a  strong  general  team  would  be 


o    o    o 


64 

practicable.  However,  the  essential  difference  between  war  and  foot-ball  is 
the  element  of  topography,  and,  next  in  importance,  the  independence  of  the 
general  as  to  restrictions.  Finally,  the  question  of  numbers  is  a  powerful 
one — the  more  the  better  in  battle.  Nevertheless,  the  principles  are  all  in 
the  game  of  foot-ball. 

■%.  s£  sj<  sf:  ;jc 

From  our  brief  review  of  battle  or  grand  tactics  you  may  now  perceive 
how  similar  the  principles  are  to  those  governing  your  own  champion  game, 
and  it  must  be  axiomatic  that  they  mutually  illuminate  each  other.  That 
foot-ball  inculcates  the  habit  of  fearlessness  is  patent,  and  that  the  best  fight- 
ing material  of  an  army  may  sharpen  the  edge  of  its  experience  and  increase 
its  reserve  of  scientific  forethought  by  a  thorough  mastery  of  the  principles 
of  this  rough  but  grand  and  soldierly  game,  is  already  appreciated  in  the 
Army. 

This  is  a  result  which  we  of  the  military  profession  owe  to  your  captains 
who,  like  Camp  and  McClung,  have  codified  your  rules  and  taught  us 
how  to  use  them.  It  now  only  remains  for  you  to  study  some  of  the  rules 
and  applications  which  our  captains  have  used  upon  the  battle-field  in  order 
to  reap  not  only  the  full  advantage  from  the  pastime,  but  to  realize  in  it  an 
actual  school  of  war. 

CLUB-BALL. 

[The  game  is  thus  named  in  Strutt's  Pastimes.  Recent  publications  refer 
to  it  as  ball-stick,  and  derive  it  from  the  German  ball-stock. 

Having  chosen  sides  and  tossed  up  for  innings,  the  winning  party  oc- 
cupies the  home-base.  The  out-party  station  themselves  over  the  play- 
ground, as  indicated  on  our  diagram,  where  the  home-party  is  shown  thus, 
• ;  the  out-party  thus,  o.     The  captain  or  best  man  of  the  out-party  acts 


o 

o 

o 

Bounds. 

Feeder. 

O 
Adjutant.O 

Waiting    • 
to  run  back.# 

GO 

B 

a 
o 

Striker.* 
O 

Running  back.* 

w  a 

!J 

•w 

O 

""""■    '    9    9 
Prisoners. 
O 
Bounds. 

as  ' '  feeder, ' '  the  next  best  thrower  is  stationed  behind  the  prisoners,  and 
a  less  prominent  but  active  member  of  the  party  acts  as  adjutant,  taking 
up  his  place  close  to  the  feeder.  It  is  his  duty  to  hand  rejected  balls  and 
1 '  tips ' '  to  the  feeder,  thus  enabling  the  latter  to  keep  an  eye  always  upon 


65 

the  prisoners.  The  bases  are  from  20  to  40  yards  apart,  and  they  are  most 
conveniently  made  with  painters'  poles,  20  to  30  feet  long.  The  bounds, 
beyond  which  the  members  of  the  home-party  are  not  allowed  to  run,  can 
be  marked  off  with  a  few  flags.  The  ball  is  about  as  thick  as  a  fist ;  a 
tennis-ball,  covered  with  a  netting  of  stout  string,  answers  very  well.  The 
club  is  3  feet  long,  2  inches  wide  at  the  top,  and  provided  with  a  convenient 
handle.     We  will  now  describe  the  manner  of  playing. 

The  first  man  of  the  home-party  steps  in  front  of  the  base  and  takes  up 
the  club.  The  feeder  throws  up  the  ball  about  10  feet  high,  and  in  the 
direction  of  the  striker,  who  may  refuse  to  strike  unless  the  ball  is  thrown 
up  properly.  If  he  hits  the  ball  he  may  endeavor  to  run  to  the  out-base, 
if  not,  he  proceeds  by  the  shortest  way  to  the  prison.  He  must  stop  there, 
keeping  one  foot  in  contact  with  the  base  until  a  chance  occurs  for  running 
to  the  out-base.  The  second  man  of  the  home-party  then  takes  up  the 
club.  If  he  also  misses  he  joins  his  comrade  in  prison  taking  up  his  place 
inside  of  him.  Prisoners  must  hold  each  other  by  the  hands  and  the  pris- 
oner nearest  the  home  must  keep  one  foot  in  contact  with  it.  As  soon  as 
a  chance  occurs  the  prisoners  run  to  the  out-base  and  back  again  to  the 
home-base.  It  happens  occasionally  that  the  entire  home-party,  with  the 
exception  of  one  man,  is  either  in  prison  or  at  the  out-base.  In  such  a  case 
one  or  two  of  the  best  runners  must  risk  returning  home,  even  if  the  ball 
should  not  be  struck.  They  start  the  moment  the  "feeder"  has  thrown 
up  the  ball.  Any  member  of  the  out-party  can  throw  at  a  man  running 
from  base  to  base,  but  as  a  rule  they  should  return  the  ball  to  the  feeder  as 
quickly  as  possible. 

The  following  is  a  set  of  rules  : 

1.  The  club  or  stick  shall  be  3  feet  long,  )A,  inch  thick,  and  2  inches  wide 
at  the  bottom.  Each  side  shall  be  at  liberty  to  provide  its  own  clubs,  and 
the  same  club  must  be  used  throughout  the  game. 

2.  The  ball  used  shall  be  an  ordinary  tennis  ball,  covered  with  a  netting 
of  stout  twine. 

3.  The  bases  shall  be  40  yards  apart,  the  bounds  20  yards. 

4.  The  feeder  shall  take  his  position  3  yards  from  the  striker.  He  must 
throw  up  the  ball  about  10  feet  high,  and  in  such  a  manner  that  the  striker 
may  strike  it  conveniently. 

5.  The  striker  shall  be  at  liberty  to  refuse  two  balls,  whether  they  be 
thrown  fairly  or  not,  but  he  cannot  refuse  the  third  ball,  if  thrown  fairly 
in  the  opinion  of  the  judge. 

6.  The  men  of  the  in-party  shall  strike  the  ball  in  the  following  order  : 
First,  the  man  through  whom  they  won  their  innings,  then  the  feeder,  and 
then  the  rest,  in  any  order  they  may  fix  upon.  But  after  all  have  struck  once, 
they  shall  strike  in  the  order  in  which  they  return  from  the  out-base. 

7.  The  in-party  loses  its  innings  in  the  following  cases  : 

i.   If  the  ball  is  caught  from  the  club  by  one  of  the  out-party. 


66 

ii.  If  a  member  of  the  in-party  is  hit  with  the  ball  whilst  not  in  contact 
with  one  of  the  bases,  except  when  proceeding  from  the  strike  to  prison. 

iii.  If  the  ball  is  in  the  hands  of  the  feeder  without  a  member  of  the  in- 
party  being  ready  with  the  club  to  strike  it. 

iv.   If  the  ball  is  touched  with  the  fingers  by  one  of  the  in-party. 

v.  If  the  striker  throws  the  club  behind  the  base,  or  takes  it  away  with 
him,  instead  of  putting  it  down  gently. 

vi.   If  one  of  the  in-party  passes  beyond  bounds. 

8.  One  point  is  allowed  every  time  the  ball  is  hit  with  the  club.  One 
hundred  points  (or  the  highest  number  of  points  in  three  innings)  decide  a 
match.] — Handbook  of  Gymnastics  and  Athletics. 

PUSH-BALL. 

[The  ball  is  about  12  inches  diameter,  covered  with  strong  leather,  and 
weighs  from  8  to  10  pounds.  The  homes  are  at  least  30  yards  apart.  It 
is  the  object  of  each  party  to  send  the  ball  into  the  home  of  the  other. 

The  captains  toss  up  for  the  first  throw.  The  ball  must  be  thrown  with 
both  hands  raised  above  the  shoulder,  and  it  must  leave  the  hands  at  an 
ascending  angle.  A  run  is  permitted.  The  opposite  party  seek  to  stop  the 
progress  of  the  ball  by  pushing  it  back,  with  hands  raised  above  the  head. 
If  they  catch  the  ball,  or  throw  it  back  with  hands  lower  than  the  shoulders, 
then  the  ball  is  considered  to  have  touched  the  ground  at  the  spot  where  it 
was  caught  or  stopped  in  this  irregular  manner.  The  umpires  should  each 
carry  a  stick  to  indicate  the  spot  where  the  ball  touched  the  ground  and 
from  which  it  is  to  be  thrown,  and  the  thrower  is  not  permitted  to  step  be- 
yond this  stick.     Our  diagram  shows  the  positions  of  the  players. 


Bounds. 

s-i 

<o 

t* 

r* 

•       • 

O 

H 

0 

O 

• 
•       • 

• 

O 

O 
O 

W 
0 

0 

• 

0 

B 

w 

•       • 

• 

O 

O 

Q 

• 

Judge. 

O 

• 

O 

O 

Bounds. 


O  Judge. 


The  following  is  a  set  of  rules  : 

1 .  The  ball  to  be  of  leather  stuffed  with  wool,  and  not  to  exceed  8  pounds 
in  weight.     The  homes  to  be  60  yards  apart,  the  bounds  20  yards. 

2.  The  first  throw  to  be  decided  by  lot,  and  to  be  delivered  from  a  spot 
3  yards  from  the  middle  of  the  play-ground,  in  the  direction  of  the  home 
of  the  party  throwing. 

3.  The  ball  must  be  thrown  with  hands  raised  above  the  shoulders,  and 
at  an  ascending  angle.     If  thrown  in  defiance  of  this  rule,  or  beyond  bounds, 


67 

the  other  side  shall  be  entitled  to  demand  that  it  be  thrown  again  and  from 
the  same  spot. 

4.  If  the  thrower  steps  beyond  the  spot  marked  on  the  ground  by  the 
umpire,  the  other  side  may  demand  that  the  ball  be  thrown  again. 

5.  The  ball  must  be  stopped  and  pushed  back  with  hands  raised  above 
the  shoulders,  and  the  man  who  first  touched  it  throws  it  from  the  spot 
where  it  first  touched  the  ground. 

6.  If  caught  or  thrown  back  with  hands  lower  than  the  shoulders,  the 
ball  shall  be  considered  to  have  touched  the  ground  at  the  spot  where  it 
was  caught  or  stopped  in  this  irregular  manner.  The  same  rule  applies  to 
carrying  or  ' '  butting  ' '  with  the  shoulder. 

7.  Each  party  to  number  ten  men  and  a  captain.  Sides  are  changed 
after  each  game. 

8.  Three  games  out  of  five  to  decide  a  match. 

9.  There  shall  be  one  judge,  whose  decision  is  final,  or  a  judge  to  each 
side,  and  a  referee.] — Handbook  of  Gymnastics  and  Athletics. 

PRISON-BARS. 

[This  game  is  described  in  "Strutt's  Pastimes."  It  is  played  differently 
in  various  parts  of  the  country.  The  rules,  which  we  give,  appear  to  coin- 
cide with  those  in  force  in  Strutt's  time.  They  are  observed  also  in  Ger- 
many, where  the  game  is  known  as  Barlaufen. 

The  homes  are  40  yards  apart.     Each  party 
Umpire.        Bounds  takes  possession  of  one  of  the  homes.     The 

prisons  are  indicated  by  a  flag-staff  placed  3 
yards  in  front  of  each  home,  as  shown  in  the 
diagram.     The  number  of  players  may  vary 

•  from  ten  to  fifty  to  each  side. 

•  The  game  is  opened  by  a  challenge  on  the 
Umpire.         part  of  the  leader  who  had  the  first  choice.     He 

proceeds  to  the  other  home  and  selects  one 
of  the  men.  The  man  selected  must  hold  out  his  hand ;  the  challenger  gives 
him  three  taps,  quick  or  slow,  as  he  thinks  best,  and  starts  back  for  his  own 
home,  the  man  challenged,  and  he  alone,  starting  in  pursuit.  The  party 
of  the  challenger  may  send  one  or  more  to  the  rescue,  and  it  is  a  rule 
throughout  the  game  that  the  man  latest  from  his  home  ' '  bars ' '  all  those 
out  before  him  ;  that  is,  he  can  take  any  one  of  them  prisoner  if  he  overtakes 
him,  but  cannot  be  made  prisoner  himself.  The  challenge  is  repeated  every 
time  a  prisoner  is  made  or  liberated,  but  in  these  cases  the  captor  or  the  liber- 
ator challenges,  and  not  the  captain.  If  a  prisoner  is  made  the  umpire  calls 
out  "Stop,"  when  all  players  return  to  their  homes.  The  prisoner  is 
taken  to  prison.  He  stands  astride,  touching  with  one  foot  the  stake  or 
staff  marking  the  prison,  the  other  leg  being  astride,  and  the  hand  extended 
towards  his  own  party.     If  a  second  prisoner  is  made  he  is  placed  inside 


• 

Bounds. 

0 

0 

•    1 
Prison. 

0 

0 

0 

Prison. 

• 

68 

the  first.  The  prisoners  must  join  hands.  The  prisoners  are  liberated  ; 
if  one  of  them  is  touched  by  a  member  of  their  own  party  before  the  latter 
is  struck  by  one  of  the  guards  set  to  watch  the  prisoners.  The  rescue 
of  prisoners  forms  one  of  the  most  exciting  parts  of  the  game.  Some 
of  the  best  men  should  be  set  to  watch  them,  and  they  must  keep  a  careful 
watch  and  run  out  in  turns.  Each  ,man  can  run  out,  as  a  matter  of  course, 
but  too  many  should  not  run  out  at  a  time,  in  order  that  an  efficient  reserve 
may  always  be  in  the  home.  Much  depends  on  the  captain's  judgment 
in  placing  and  sending  out  his  best  runners.  When  the  ground  is  free 
of  players,  one  party  sends  out  a  "decoy"  to  entice  men  of  the  other  party 
to  leave  their  home ;  good  runners  should  always  be  ready  to  come  to  the 
rescue  of  the  decoys. 

The  following  are  the  rules  of  the  game .: 

i.  The  homes  to  be  40  yards  apart  and  15  yards  long  ;  a  prison,  marked 
by  a  flag,  to  be  3  yards  in  front  of  each  home,  and  at  opposite  corners 
of  the  play-ground. 

2.  Each  game  is  opened  by  a  challenge  on  the  part  of  the  Captain  who 
had  the  first  choice. 

3.  The  challenge  is  repeated  every  time  a  prisoner  is  taken  or  liberated, 
but  in  these  cases  by  the  captor  or  the  liberator. 

4.  The  challenger  can  be  pursued  only  by  the  man  challenged,  but  his 
own  party  may  send  men  to  the  rescue. 

5.  Any  man  touched  by  a  man  of  the  other  party,  who  left  his  home  later 
than  he  did,  is  a  prisoner. 

6.  The  game  stops  as  soon  as  a  prisoner  is  taken,  until  the  captor  has 
challenged  ;  and  the  same  rule  is  observed  after  a  prisoner  has  been  liberated. 
Two  prisoners  cannot  thus  be  made  in  succession. 

7.  Any  man  running  beyond  bounds  is  a  prisoner. 

8.  If  any  one  reaches  the  home  of  the  other  party  without  being  touched, 
he  is  allowed  to  return  to  his  own  home  outside  the  bounds. 

9.  As  long  as  there  is  only  one  prisoner  he  must  touch  the  stake  marking 
the  prison  with  one  foot.  If  there  are  several  prisoners  they  must  join 
hands,  the  one  last  taken  touching  the  stake  with  one  foot. 

10.  The  prisoner  or  prisoners  are  liberated  and  free  to  return  to  their 
home  if  one  of  them  is  touched  by  one  of  their  own  party,  without  the  in- 
tending liberator  being  touched  himself. 

11.  If  one  of  the  prisoners  leaves  his  place  previous  to  being  touched  in 
this  manner,  then  they  are  not  liberated ;  nor  is  their  intending  liberator  to 
be  taken  prisoner,  unless  touched  before  he  reached  them. 

12.  Each  game  to  be  over  and  sides  to  be  changed  when  there  are  three 
prisoners  (or  four,  when  there  are  over  fifteen  players  to  each  side). 

13.  The  decisions  of  the  umpires  to  be  final.]— Handbook  of  Gymnastics 
and  Athletics. 


69 

HARE  AND  HOUNDS. 

[This  is  a  game  for  the  open  country.  One  player  is  hare.  He  is  pro- 
vided with  a  bag  full  of  small  pieces  of  paper,  one  of  which  he  drops  every 
ten  paces.  This  is  the  scent.  Another  player  is  huntsman,  a  third  whipper- 
in,  and  the  rest  are  hounds.  The  whipper-in  is  furnished  with  a  red  flag, 
and  the  huntsman  carries  a  white  flag.  The  hare  is  allowed  a  start  of  five 
or  ten  minutes,  when  the  others  go  in  pursuit.  The  huntsman  comes  first, 
followed  by  the  hounds,  and  the  whipper-in  brings  up  the  rear.  They  all 
walk  or  run  in  single  file.  If  the  huntsman  loses  the  scent  he  calls  out 
" Lost/"  The  whipper-in  then  stations  himself  with  his  flag  at  the  place 
where  the  last  piece  of  paper  was  found,  and  the  rest  wheel  round  in  a  cir- 
cle, keeping  in  line,  when  one  of  them  is  sure  to  recover  the  scent.  The 
huntsman  then  sounds  his  horn,  and  the  chase  is  continued  over  fields, 
hedges,  and  ditches.  At  last  the  hare  is  in  sight.  The  huntsman  encour- 
ages his  followers  to  fresh  efforts,  but  the  hare,  after  all,  may  evade  his  pur- 
suers and  reach  home  before  them.  The  hounds  are  not  allowed  to  make 
short  cuts,  but  must  follow  the  scent  as  indicated  by  the  slips  of  paper.  After 
such  a  hot  game  it  is  advisable  to  walk  about  for  some  time,  and  to  change 
clothes  in  a  warm  room.] — Handbook  of  Gymnastics  and  Athletics. 

THE  COCK  FIGHT. 

[Each  side  station  themselves  in  their  home.  On  a  signal,  by  the  umpire, 
they  all  leave  their  homes,  and,  hopping  on  one  foot,  they  approach  each 
other.  Arms  are  folded  on  the  chest,  and  each  player  then  rushes  at  one 
of  the  antagonists  and  endeavors  to  force  him  to  put  down  his  leg.  Any 
one  putting  down  his  leg  is  "dead,"  and  must  join  the  umpire,  who,  after 
the  melee  has  lasted  some  time,  gives  the  signal  to  retire.  Each  side  then 
returns  to  its  home  ;  but,  having  rested  a  short  time,  the  players  again  sally 
forth,  this  time  hopping  on  the  other  leg.  The  game  is  continued  until  all 
the  men  of  one  side  are  dead.] — Handbook  of  Gymnastics  and  Athletics. 


To  entitle  a  performance  to  a  place  in  the  athletic  ' '  records ' '  of  this  asso- 
ciation, the  following  certificate  must  be  affixed  to  the  record  and  be  signed 
by  at  least  three  of  the  ' '  officers  of  the  tournament ' '  who  were  witnesses 
thereof: 

"We,  the  undersigned,  hereby  affirm  that  the  foregoing  record  is  correct, 
and  that  we  were  official  witnesses  to  its  accomplishment  in  a  public  tourna- 
ment held  at ,  under  the  rules  of  the  American  Army  Athletic  Asso- 
ciation, and  open  to  officers  and  men  belonging  to ,  U.  S.  Army. 

i. ,  U.  S.  Army.  ^|  fudge. 

2. ,  "  \  Measurer. 

i 

3. ,  "  J   Timekeeper,  etc. 


SOME  OF  THE  BEST  ATHLETIC  PERFORM- 
ANCES ON  RECORD. 

(Amateur  performances  are  designated  by  a  * ;  professional,  by  a  f-  A.  stands  for 
American  (U.  S.)  ;  A.  I.  for  American  Intercollegiate  (U.  S.) ;  C.  for  Canadian ;  E.  for 
English  ;  S.  for  Scottish  ;  I.  for  Irish.) 

The  following  may  serve  as  standards  of  excellence  until  beaten  : 

WALKING. 

/  mile. — 6  min.  23  sec,  W.  Perkins,  E.f,  1874.  6  min.  29!  sec,  F.  P. 
Murray,  A.*,  1883.  7  min.  6f-sec,  T.  Mcllvaine  (Columbia),  A.  I.*, 
1889. 

3  miles. — 20  min.  21^  sec,  J.  W.  Raby,  E.f,  1883.  21  min.  11^  sec, 
John  Meagher,  A.f,  1882.     21  min.  9isec,  F.  P.  Murray,  A.*,  1883. 

RUNNING. 

100 yards. — g}{  sec,  George  Seward,  ofU.  S.,  inE.,f,  1844.  9i  sec-> 
H.  M.  Johnson,  A.f,  1886;  John  Owen,  jr.,  A.*,  1890.  ioi  sec,  H.  S. 
Brooks,  jr.  (Yale),  A.  I.*,  1884;  C.  H.  Sherrill  (Yale),  A.  I.*  1889  and 
1890. 

220 yards. — 2ifsec,  C.  G.  Wood,  E.*,  1887.  22  sec,  Wendell  Baker, 
against  time,  A.*,  1886.     22-i-sec,  C.  H.  Sherrill  (Yale),  A.  I.*,  1890. 

440 yards. — 47^  sec,  W.  Baker,  against  time,  A.*,  1886.  48/^  sec. 
R.  Buttery,  E.f,  1873.     50  sec,  W.  C.  Dohm  (Princeton),  A.  I.*    1889 

880 yards. — 1  min.  53^  sec,  Frank  Hewit,  New  Zealand,*,  1871.  1  min 
55^  sec,  W.  C.  Dohm,  A.*,  1889.  1  min.  57! sec,  W.  C.  Dohm,  A.  L* 
1890. 

1  mile. — 4  min.  12^  sec,  W.  G.  George,  E.f,  1886.  4  min.  27!  sec. 
L.  E.  Myers,  A.*  1882.  4  min.  29! sec,  C.  O.  Wells  (Amherst),  A.  L* 
1890. 

3  miles. — 14  min.  19^  sec,  P.  Cannon,  S.f,  1888.  14  min.  36  sec,  J 
White,  E.f,  1863.  14  min.  51  sec,  E.  Case,  A.f,  1887.  14  min.  39 sec. 
W.  D.  Day,  A.*,  1890. 

JUMPING. 

High  jump,  standing. — 5  ft.  8}4  in.  (weights),  T.  F.  Kearney,  A.f,  1889. 
5  ft.  i}4  in.  (without  weights),  Samuel  Crook,  A.*,  1890.  5  ft.  3  in.,  E. 
W.  Johnson,  A.*   1878. 


71 

High  jump,  running. — 6  ft.  4  in.  (without  weights),  W.  B.  Page,  A.*, 
1887.  6  ft.  6  in.  (with  weights),  J.  H.  Fitzpatrick,  A.f,  1889.  6  ft.  2^  in.. 
J.  M.  Brooks,  E.*  1876.  5  ft.  -ii'#  in.,  W.  B.  Page  (Univ.  of  Pa.),  A.  I.* 
1886. 

Broad  jump,  standing. — With  weights  :  14  ft.  5^  in.,  G.  W.  Hamilton 
(22  lbs.)  A.f,    1879  ;  12  ft.  9^  in.,  L.   Helwig  (16  lb.  dumb-bells),  A.* 
1884.     Without  weights  :   10  ft.  10^  in.,  H.  M.  Johnson,  A.f,  1884  ;  12  ft. 
iy2  in.,  J.  Darby,  E.f,  1890. 

Broad  jump,  running. — With  weights:  23  ft.  3^  in.,  Chas.  F.  Biggar, 
C.f,  1879.  Without  weights:  23  ft.  3^  in.  (toe  to  heel),  M.  W.  Ford, 
A.*,  1886;  23  ft.  2>}i  in-  (from  scratch),  A.  F.  Copeland,  A.*,  1890;  22 
ft.  6  in.,  T.  G.  Shearman,  jr.  (Yale),  A.  I.*,  1889. 

Three  jumps,  standing. — With  weights:  40  ft.  9^  in.,  T.  F.  Kearney, 
A.f,  1889;  35  ft.  9  in.,  W.  S.  Lawton,  A.*  1876.  Without  weights :  34 
ft.  4^  in.,  M.  W.  Ford,  A.*    1885. 

Ten  jumps,  standing. — Without  weights:  113  ft.  5%  in.,  M.  W.  Ford, 
A.*,  1886;  in  ft.  4  in.,  H.  M.  Johnson,  H.f,  1888. 

Hop,  step,  and  jump,  standing. — With  weights  :  37  ft.  ^  in.,  J.  F.  Hart- 
nett  (15  lbs.),  A.f,  1889;  31  ft.  7  in.,  W.  W.  Butler,  A.*,  1886;  33  ft.  5^ 
in.,  W.  J.  Rochelt,  I.*  1888.  Without  weights  :  31  ft.  10  in.,  Gavin  Tait, 
S.f,  1862;  31  ft.  7>4  in.,  D.  M.  Sullivan,  C.f,  1885;  29  ft.  11  in.,  J.  W. 
Rich,  A.*,  1890. 

Hop,  step,  and  jump,  running. — 48  ft.  8  in.,  Thomas  Burrows,  A.f,  1884. 
44  ft.  11%  in.,  E.  B.  Bloss,  A.*,  1890.  48  ft.  3  in.,  John  Purcell,  I.*,  1887. 
40  ft.  2  in.,  D.  Anderson,  E.f,  1865.     47  ft.  8  in.,  R.  Knox,  S.f,  1870. 

Hitch  and  kick. — 9  ft.  8  in.,  James  Corsair,  A.f,  1874.  9  ft.  1  in.,  D.  C. 
Wilbur,  A.*    1888.     9  ft.,  E.  W.  Johnson,  C.f,  1878. 

Hurdle  race,  120 yards,  10  jiights. — 16  sec,  C.  N.  Jackson,  E.f,  1865. 
H.  L.  Williams,  A.f,  1890.  i6£seo,  D.  D.  Balger,  I.*  1890.  i6|sec, 
H.  L.  Williams  (Yale),  A.  I.*,  1890. 

Pole  vaulting,  high. — 11  ft.  7  in.,  E.  L.  Stones,  E.*,  1888.  11  ft.  5  in., 
H.  H.  Baxter,  A.*,  1887.      10  ft.  9  in.,  E.  D.  Ryder  (Yale),  A.  I.*,  1891. 

MISCELLANEOUS   SPORTS. 

Putting  the  shot,  16 pounds  (7  ft.  run). — 53  ft.  11  in.,  G.  R.  Gray,  A.*, 
1890.  50  ft.  9  in.,  Donald  Dinnie,  S.f,  1878.  50ft.  x/z  in.,  John  McPher- 
son,  A.f,  1887.     40  ft.  9^  in.,  A.  B.  Coxe  (Yale),  A.  I.*    1887. 

Throwing  the  hammer,  16 pounds  {with  run). — 162  ft.,  Donald  Dinnie, 
S.f,  1872.  109  ft.  6  in.,  Duncan  C.  Ross,  A.f,  1889  (handle  3  ft.  6  in. 
outside  socket,  no  follow). 

Throwing  the  hammer,  16  pounds,  standing. — 138  ft.,  Donald  Dinnie, 
S.f,  1873.  108  ft.  3  in.,  W.  L.  Conden,  A.*,  1888.  91  ft.  6  in.,  W.  L. 
Conden,  A.*,  1888  (one  hand).  98  ft.  6  in.,  A.  B.  Coxe  (Yale),  A.  I.* 
1887  (hammer  4  ft.  over  all). 


72 

Throwing  the  56-pound  weight. — For  distance,  unlimited  run,  with  fol- 
low, 36  ft.  6  in.,  J.  S.  Mitchell,  A.*,  1888. 

Throwing  the  base-ball,  distance. — 406  ft.  ^  in.,  Ed.  Crane,  A.f,  and 
402  ft.  5  in.,  1884.     402  ft.  2x/2  in.,  H.  Vaughn,  A.f,  1890. 

Foot-ball. — Place  kick,  with  a  run  :  200  ft.  8  in.,  Wm,  P.  Chadwick, 
A.*,  1886.  Drop  kick  :  172  ft.  8  in.,  F.  Hardgrave,  Australia,  1882  ;  168 
ft.  7^  in.,  J.  E.  Duffy,  Ann  Arbor,  A.  I.*   1886. 

Back  jump,  with  weights,  one  jump,  meastired  from  heel  to  toe. — 12  ft. 
i}(  in.,  F.  F.  Kearney,  A.f,  1889. 

•     Greatest  distance  run  in  1  hour. — 1 1  miles  970  yds. ,  L.  Bennet  (Deerfoot), 
E.f,  1863.      Walked:  8  miles  302  yds.,  John  Meagher,  A.f,  1882. 

Sack  race. — 1  mile  in  ii)4  min. ,  Anthony  Thorp,  artillery  ground, 
England,  1774  ;  100  yds.  in  15^  sec,  James  Smith,  C.f,  1886. 

Hopping  .So  yds.  in  n-|-  sec,  Ed.  Turner,  E.f,  1878. 


INDIVIDUAL  ATHLETIC  RECORD. 

Name, Nationality, Born  at, Rank, 

Station, Age, Weight, Height, Chest 

measure,  expanded, ;  exhausted, Size  of  fore-arm ; 

upper  arm,  bent, Number  of  personal  lifts  (from  arms-length  to 

chin),    no   rest,    ioo-yard  dash, 220-yard   run,   

440-yard  run, 880-yard  run, i-mile  run, 3-mile 

run, i-milewalk, 3-mile  walk, High  jump,  stand- 
ing,       High  jump,  running, Broad  jump,  standing, 

Broad  jump,  running, Hop,  skip,  and  jump, 3  standing 

jumps, 10  standing  jumps, Hurdlerace, Window 

leap, Hitch  and  kick, Vaulting, Pole  leaping, 

high, Pole  leaping,  broad, Putting  the  shot,  16  pounds, 

Throwing  the  hammer,  16  pounds, Throwing  the  56- 
pound  weight, Climbing  the  rope, Throwing  the  base- 
ball, accuracy, Throwing  the  base-ball,  distance, 

MILITARY. 

Throwing  the  hand  grenade,  accuracy, Throwing  the  hand  gre- 
nade, distance Throwing  the  javelin,  accuracy, Throwing 

the  javelin,  distance, Standing  jump  (full  equipment),  high, 

Standing  jump  (full  equipment),  broad, Running  jump  (full  equip- 
ment),   high,    Running  jump    (full    equipment),    broad,    

100-yard  dash  (full  equipment), 440-yard  dash  (full  equipment), 

1 -mile  walk  (full  equipment), i-mile  run  (full  equipment), 

Obstacle  race  (120  yards),  10  obstructions  (full  equipment), 

Rolling  the  artillery  wheel,  100  yards, 

MISCELLANEOUS. 


Date, 


AMERICAN  ARMY  ATHLETIC  ASSOCIATION. 

PRIZE  CERTIFICATE. 

To  whom  it  may  concern. 

Greeting  :  This  is  to  certify  that  at  a  duly  organized  Athletic  Tourna- 
ment, publicly  held  at  ,  and  open  to  officers  and  men 

of  the  Regular  Army  of  the  United  States,  belonging  to  the 

Branches  of  this  Association  : 

[Name.]     

[Rank.]     

[Station.] 

took  in  a  fair  contest  under  the  rules  of  this  Association  place 

for  excelling  in _ 

[Record.]    

He  is  therefore  announced  as 


U.  S.  Army. 

[Date.]       

[Station.]  


FOURTEEN  DAY  USE 

RETURN  TO  DESK  FROM  WHICH  BORROWED 


This  book  is  due  on  the  last  date  stamped  below,  or 
on  the  date  to  which  renewed. 

Renewed  books  are  subject  to  immediate  recall. 


25Nov'55SB 


«°V2  2  1955  lV 


ocrnnao 


-*% 


r** 


%9t 


UEC  1  3  1990 


JAN  02  1996 


DEC  1  4  199J1 


;!RCULA" 


FEB  2  0  2002 


LD  21-100m-2,'55 
(B139s22)476 


General  Library 

University  of  California 

Berkeley 


U.C.  BERKELEY  LIBRARIES 


C02DB3M7M3 


■ 


M225007  T<\ 


THE  UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA  LIBRARY 


